A form of mistake, which involves different principles from the form already discussed, exists where the parties to a written contract know the very words which they insert in the contract, but do not intend that it shall have the legal effect which it actually has. This form of mistake is, of course, due to ignorance or mistake of law. The question of the right of either party to reformation in such cases depends in the first instance on whether the parties had a prior valid oral contract which they have attempted to reduce to writing, differing from the written contract. If there has been no prior valid oral contract, differing from the written contract, one party can not have reformation to make the contract express his intention, since this would be to substitute his intention for the contract between the two parties.1 Illustrations of mistake of this sort where reformation has been refused are as follows: where the

82 N. W. 483; Welch v. Schappi, 179 Ia. 474, 161 N. W. 442; Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. v. Brown, 182 Ia. 1044, 165 N. W. 70.

Kentucky. Scott v. Spurr, 169 Ky. 575, 184 S. W. 866.

Maryland. Stiles v. Willis, 66 Md. 552, 8 Atl. 353.

Massachusetts. Page v. Higgins, 150 Mass. 27, 5 L. R. A. 152, 22 N. E. 63.

Michigan. Isberg v. Miller, 176 Mich. 677, 142 S. W. 1060.

Minnesota. Mahoney v. Minnesota Fanners' Mutual Ins. Co., 136 Minn. 34, 161 N. W. 217.

Missouri. Griffith v. Townley, 69 Mo. 13, 33 Am. Rep. 476; Stephens v. Stephens, - Mo. - , 183 S. W. 572.

Montana. Parchen v. Chessman, 49 Mont. 326, Ann. Cas. 1916A, 681, 142 Pac. 631, 146 Pac. 469; Parchen v. Chessman, 53 Mont. 430, 164 Pac. 531.

Nebraska. Beall v. Martin, 48 Neb. 479, 67 N. W. 433.

New Hampshire. Minot v. Tilton, 64 N. H. 371, 10 Atl. 682; Searles v. Churchill, 69 N. H. 530, 43 Atl. 184.

New Jersey. Green v. Stone, 54 N. J. Eq. 387, 55 Am. St. Rep. 577, 34 Atl. 1099.

New York. Lyman v. Ins. Co., 17 Johns. (N. Y.) 373; McHugh v. Ins. Co., 48 How. Pr. (N. Y.) 230; Hall v. Reed, 2 Barb. Ch. (N. Y.) 500; Kent v. Manchester, 29 Barb. (N. Y.) 595; Botsford v. McLean, 45 Barb. (N. Y.) 478; Gillespie v. Moon, 2 Johns. Ch.

(N. Y.) 585, 7 Am. Dec. 559; Curtis v. Leavitt, 15 N. Y. 1; Rider v. Powell,

28 N. Y. 310; Nevins v. Dunlap, 33 N.

Y. 676; Welles v. Yates, 44 N. Y. 525;

Bryce v. Ins. Co., 55 N. Y. 240, 14 Am. Rep. 249; Jackson v. Andrews, 59 N. Y. 244; Moran v. McLarty, 75 N. Y. 25; Whittemore v. Farrington, 76 N. Y. 452; McDonald v. Crissey, 215 N. Y. 609, 109 N. E. 609.

North Carolina. Jones v. Warren, 134 N. Car. 390, 46 S. E. 740.

Ohio. Evants v. Strode, 11 Ohio 480, 38 Am. Dec. 744; Neininger v. State, 50 O. S. 394, 40 Am. St. Rep. 674, 34 N. E. 633.

Oklahoma. Atwood v. Mikeska, 29 Okla. 69, L. R. A. 1917A, 602, 115 Pac. 1011; State Mutual Insurance Co. v. Green, - Okla. - , L. R. A. 1917F, 663, 166 Pac. 105.

Pennsylvania. Wanner v. Lundis, 137 Pa. St. 61, 20 Atl. 950; Baab v. Houser, 203 Pa. St. 470, 53 Atl. 344.

Tennessee. Graham v. Guinn (Tenn. Ch. App.), 43 S. W. 749.

Texas. Kelley v. Ward, 94 Tex. 289, 60 S. W. 311 [affirming, 58 S. W. 207]

Utah. Griffin v. Salt Lake City, 18 Utah 132, 55 Pac. 383.

Vermont. Hoyt v. Hoyt, 77 Vt. 244, 59 Atl. 845.

West Virginia. Pennybacker v. Laidley, 33 W. Va. 624, 11 S. E. 39.

5 Rosenthal v. First National Fire Insurance Co., - Fla. - , 77 So. 92; Carroll v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co., 28 Ida. 406, 154 Pac. 985; Scott v. Spurr, 169 Ky. 075, 184 S. W. 866. Reformation has been granted by the court in an action for reformation and for judgment on the contract as reformed. State Mutual Insurance Co. v. Green, - Okla. - , L. R. A. 1917F, 663, 166 Pac. 105.

1 United States. Hunt v. Rous-manier, 21 U. S. (8 Wheat.) 174, 6 L ed. 589; Hunt v. Rousmanier, 26 U. S. (1 Pet.) 1, 7 L. ed. 27; Bank v. Daniel, 37 U. S. (12 Pet.) 33, 9 L. ed. 989; Snell v. Ins. Co., 98 U. S. 85, 25 L. ed. 62; Illingworth v. Spaulding, 43 Fed. 827; Travelers' Ins. Co. v. Henderson, 69 Fed. 762, 16 C. C. A. 390; Goodno v. Hotchkiss, 237 Fed, 686.

Alabama. Ohlander v. Dexter, 97 Ala. 476, 12 So. 51; Tyson v. Chestnut, 100 Ala. 571, 13 So. 763.

Arkansas. Hershey v. Luce, 56 Ark. 320, 323, 19 S. W. 963, 20 S. W. 6; Louis Werner Sawmill Co. v. Sessoms, 120 Ark. 105, 179 S. W. 185.

California. Goodenow v. Ewer, 16 Cal. 461, 76 Am. Dec. 540; Loftus v. Fischer, 106 Cal. 616, 39 Pac. 1064.

Georgia. Porter v. Wright, 145 Ga. 787, 89 S. E. 838.

Illinois. Calverly v. Harper, 40 111. App. 96; Wolsey v. Neeley, 46 111. App. 387; Hackemack v. Wiebrock, 172 111. 98, 49 N. E. 984 [affirming, 71 111. App. 170]; Silurian Oil Co. v. Neal, 277 111. 45, 115 N. E. 114.

Iowa. Brintnall v. Briggs, 87 Ia. 538, 54 N. W. 531; Jurgensen v. Carlsen, 97 Ia. 627, 06 N. W. 877; Marshall v. Westrope, 98 Ia. 324. 67 N. W. 257.

Louisiana. Bellande's Succession, 42 La. Ann. 241, 7 So. 035.

Massachusetts. Canedy v. Marcy, 79 Mass. (13 Gray) 373; Taylor v. Butt-rick, 165 Mass. 547, 52 Am. St. Rep. 530, 43 N. E. 507.

Michigan. Renard v. Clink, 91 Mich. 1, 30 Am. St. Rep. 458, 51 N. W. 692.

Minnesota. Benson v. Markoe, 37 Minn. 30, 5 Am. St. Rep. 816, 33 N. W. 38.

Missouri. McIntyre v Casey, - Mo. - , 182 S. W. 966.

Montana. Gaffney Mercantile Co. v. nopkins, 21 Mont. 13, 52 Pac. 561.

New Hampshire. Mullin v. Eaton (N. H.), 19 Atl. 371.

New Jersey. Ordway v. Chace, 67 N. J. Eq. 478, 42 Atl. 149.

New York. Berry v. Ins. Co., 132 N. Y. 49, 28 Am. St. Rep. 548, 30 N. E. 254.

Oklahoma. Campbell v. Newman, 51 Okla. 121, 151 Pac. 602.

Oregon. Archer v. Lumber Co., 24 Or. 341, 33 Pac. 526; Kleinsorge v. Rohse, 25 Or. 51, 34 Pac. 874; Mitchell v. Holman. 30 Or. 280, 47 Pac. 616; King v. Holbrook,'38 Or. 452, 63 Pac. 651.

Pennsylvania. Cochran v Pew, 159 Pa. St. 184, 28 Atl. 219.

Tennessee. Schmid v. Ins. Co. (Tenn. Ch. App.), 37 S. W. 1013.