A mortgage was a common-law form of security, and it was not controlled by the principles of the law-merchant. There is, accordingly, a conflict of authority as to whether a mortgage given to secure a negotiable note is itself negotiable, some jurisdictions holding that the mortgage is merely an incident of the debt and that before the maturity of the note the assignment of the note in such form as to preserve its negotiability, carries with it the mortgage as a negotiable instrument, as free from defenses as the note;1 others that such assignment of the note carries the mortgage with it, but as a non-negotiable instrument, subject to all defenses.2

5 City warrants. Hammond v. Evans, 23 Ind. App. 501, 55 N. E. 784.

County warrants. Atchison, etc., R. R. v. Kearney Co., 58 Kan. 19, 48 Pac. 683; First National Bank v. Gates, 66 Kan. 505, 97 Am. St. 383 [sub nomine, Vawter v. Gates, 72 Pac. 207].

Township warrants. Gilman v. Gilby Township, 8 N. D. 627, 73 Am. St. Rep. 791, 80 N. W. 889.

6 Pacific Paving Co. v. Mowbray, 127 Cal. 1, 59 Pac. 205.

7Shakspear v. Smith, 77 Cal. 638, 11 Am. St. Rep. 327, 20 Pac. 294; Goose River National Bank v. School Township, 1 N. D. 26, 26 Am. St. Rep. 605, 44 N. W. 1002; Township of Snyder v. Boviard, 122 Pa. St. 442, 9 Am. St. Rep. 118, 15 Atl. 910; Hubbell v. Custer City, 15 S. D. 55, 87 N. W. 520.

8 Pugh v. More, 44 La. Ann. 209, 10 So. 710; Morrow v. Surber, 97 Mo. 155, 11 S. W. 48; Richardson v. Marshall County, 100 Tenn. 346, 45 S. W. 440; Branch v. Commissioners, 80 Va. 427, 56 Am. Rep. 596; Bardsley v. Sternberg, 17 Wash. 243, 49 Pac. 499 [reversed in part on rehearing, 18 Wash.

612, 52 Pac. 251, 524; distinguishing, Blake v. Johnson County, 18 Kan. 266].

9 Bolognesi v. United States, 189 Fed. 335, 111 C. C. A. 67, 36 L. R. A. (N.S.) 143.

10 Bolognesi v. United States, 189 Fed. 335, 111 C. C. A. 67, 36 L. R. A. (N.S.) 143.

1 United States. Carpenter v. Longan, 83 U. S. (16 Wall.) 271, 21 L. ed. 314; O'Rourke v. Wahl, 109 Fed. 276, 48 C. C. A. 360.

Indiana. Gabbert v. Schwartz, 69 Ind. 450.

Iowa. Preston v. Case, 42 la. 549.

Massachusetts. Bon v. Graves, 216 Mass. 440, 103 N. E. 1023.

Michigan. Wilson v. Campbell, 110 Mich. 580, 35 L. R. A. 544, 68 N. W. 278; Cox v. Cayan, 117 Mich. 599, 72 Am. St. Rep. 585, 76 N, W. 96.

Missouri. Borgess Investment Co. v. Vette. 142 Mo. 560, 64 Am. St. Rep. 567, 44 S. W. 754.

North Dakota. Christianson v. Warehouse Association, 5 N. D. 438, 32 L. R. A. 730, 67 N. W. 300; First National Bank v. Flath, 10 N. D. 281, 86 N. W. 867.