The bark is the part we use. It is a good tonic, and will counteract periodicity in many mild cases. I have often broke chills when recently contracted, by taking the strong tea and giving it as hot as it can be swallowed every two hours, commencing eight hours before the time for the chill to come on. It is an astringent, and will bind up the bowels, consequently, in many cases of diarrhoea, is very beneficial, and will cure it. Often checks chronic bleeding from the bowels and nose. It makes a fine poultice for varicose ulcers and sores. Dose, of the tea, from one-half to an ounce, three or four times a day.