Toeing' Nails. The advantage to be derived from toeing a nail lies in the fact that it always "draws" in the direction in which it is driven. If driven as shown by a, Fig. 185, it will draw A upon B both in a horizontal and in a vertical direction, and will thus insure good contact between the parts of the joint.

The nails having been driven and set, each of the four sides may be given a final smoothing by a stroke of the plane.

Fig. 186 plan. Face A,

Scale, 3 - 1*

Elevation, Facc B.

End.

Exercise No. 8. - Splayed Splice.

The stock required is 1 5/8 X 16", from Exercise No. 4; the necessary lines are shown by Fig. 186. The finished piece is represented by Fig. 187.

Fig. 187

Scale, 3"=1'

Elevation.

End.

162. Let the faces A and B be the working-faces. Lay off on face A line a, and from a, the lines b, c, d, e, f, g, h, and i, and project these lines on all four faces of the work. Set the bevel at an angle of 45 degrees; with its beam on A, as indicated by the dotted outline, lay off on B lines dj, bk, gj, and ik, and repeat these lines on face D. Connect points on both B and D, forming lines which on B appear as bj and ij. The portions marked r are to be removed.

163. To cut the joint, first use the rip-saw on the lines bj and ij, and afterwards the back-saw on the short oblique lines gj and bk. The back-saw can easily be started if, while the piece is held in the vise, a stroke is given in the direction a, Fig. 188, to carry the saw into the work a distance equal to the depth of its teeth, after which it may be turned into the desired direction b.

Fig. 188

The splayed ends dj and ik may be cut with the work on the bench-hook, Fig. 189. By following the directions given in the previous exercise the joint may be finished, as shown by Fig. 187.

Fig. 189

Exercise No. 9. - Mortise-and-Tenon Joint (211-215).

The stock required is 1 5/8" X 1 5/8" X 16", from Exercise No. 4; it is shown with the necessary lines by Fig. 190. The finished piece is shown by Fig. 191.

164. Let A and B represent the two working-faces. From one end of the piece, on face A, lay off line a, and from a, lay off lines b, c, and d. Measure carefully the width of the piece on line d, face A, and lay off one-half of the same on each side of the line b, and through the points thus fixed make lines e and f. Project the lines a, c, and d on all four faces of the piece, and the lines e and f on B and D, the two faces adjoining A. Set the gauge at 1/2", and from face A, gauge on B the line gh and a similar line on the opposite face D. Gauge the line ij and carry it around the end of the work to the line d on face D. Set another gauge at 1 1/8" (1/2" + 5/8", the width of the mortise and of the tenon), and gauge between the same lines as before, producing g'h', i'j', etc. The mortise and the tenon are formed by cutting out the portions marked r.

The method of "laying off" the width of the mortise and the tenon is to be especially observed. The distance between the two lines which define the width of the mortise, and those which define the width of the tenon, being equal to the difference in the setting of the two gauges, must be the same. The result, as far as the mortise and tenon are concerned, would not be different if the piece containing the mortise were twice as thick as that carrying the tenon. It is best to use two gauges to avoid the mistakes which might arise from changing a single one. Then, if it should be found necessary to use them after the first lining, precisely the same measurements will be obtained. This process can be shortFig. 190 Scale, 3=l plan. Face A. ened by using a mortise-gauge (33), which makes both lines at the same time.

Elevation. Facc B.

End.