79. Block-Planes are small, and are intended for use chiefly on end grain. They generally have a single inverted iron, which turns the shaving on the bevel instead of on the face of the iron. They have many different forms, from among which Fig. 99 has been selected as a type. In this plane the throat may be made narrow or wide as is desired; the adjustment is controlled by the screw A.

80. Spokeshaves have the action of planes, but are not usually classified with them. A simple form is shown by Fig. 100. By the cross-section it will be seen that it has almost no guiding surface corresponding to the face of a plane. This feature adapts it to work of irregular outline.

81. Rabbeting-Planes have narrow stocks. The cutting edge is set in the face of the plane obliquely, and the iron is wide enough to extend beyond the sides of the stock, as shown (Enlarged) by Fig. 101. Rabbeting-planes are designed for use in interior angles. The oblique position of the iron produces a shearing cut which promotes smoothness in action.

Fig. 97

Fig. 98

Fig. 99

Fig. 100

Section A B.

The shaving of the rabbeting-plane instead of passing through the stock is turned in such a way as to be discharged from one side; an arrangement common to matching-planes, beading-planes, molding-planes, and plows (82, 83, 84, and 85).

82. Matching-Planes are used to form a tongue and a groove, as shown respectively by a and b, Fig. 102.

Wooden matching-planes, Fig. 102, are sold in pairs, one plane being fitted with a single cutting edge, to form the groove, the other with a double cutting edge, to form the tongue. Both are guided by the "fence" C, which moves in contact with the working face of the piece operated upon. The groove and the tongue should both be carried to as great a depth as the plane will cut.

An iron matching-plane, designed to serve the purpose of the two wooden ones, is now in general use. Its fence is pivoted to the face in such a way that it can be turned end for end; in one position two cutters are exposed and the plane is adjusted to form the tongue; when its position is reversed, the fence covers one of the cutting edges, and puts the plane in shape for making the groove.

The size of matching-planes is indicated by the thickness of the material they are intended to match.

Fig. 101

Fig. 102

Fig. 103

A.

B.

83. Hollow and Round are terms applied to such planes as are shown by A and B, Fig. 103. They are used, as their forms suggest, in producing hollows and in rounding projecting edges. Their size is indicated by a number, or by the width of the cutting edge.

84. Beading-Planes are used in forming beads (220), and they may be single or double, that is, form one or two beads at a time. For beading on the edge of work, they are provided with a fence, A, Fig. 104. For use away from the edge, they are made to form three or more beads at the same time, and have no guide, in which case they are known as reeding-planes, Fig. 105. The first three beads are made with the plane guided by a straightedge temporarily fastened to the surface of the work; the remainder are formed by using those already made as a guide, the plane being moved into new work at the rate of only one bead at a time. Other beading-planes, more complicated than those described, are constructed on much the same principle as a plow. The size of a beading-plane is indicated by the width of the bead it will form.

85. Plows are used in making rectangular slots or "plows" of any width, depth, and distance from the working-edge of the material. The width of the cut is ordinarily determined by the width of the iron used. A set of irons is supplied with the tool, which is shown by Fig. 106. A plow wider than the widest iron can, of course, be made by going over the work a second time. The depth of the cut is regulated by a little shoe (not shown), which is raised or lowered by the screw A. When this is adjusted, the tool can be used until the lower surface of the shoe comes in contact with the face of the work, after which the cutting ceases. Care should be taken that the full depth is reached at all points along the length of the work. The distance between the groove and the working-edge is regulated by the fence B, which is adjusted by nuts C acting on the screws D. When ready for use, the fence should be parallel to the narrow iron face-piece E.

Fig. 104

Fig. 105

Fig. 106

86. Combination Planes which may be used in place of the plow, beading-plane, rabbeting-plane, etc., are found on the market, and many of them are serviceable tools.