Each pupil must provide himself with a pocket-rule, two-foot, four-fold; a lead pencil, one combination, India oilstone, one hard Arkansas oilstone slip.

The apron used in joinery may be used. A jumper should also be worn.

School Equipment

Each drawer is provided with three skew chisels

(1-inch, 1/2-inch, and 1/4-inch), three turning gouges

(1/2-inch, 3/8-inch, and 1/4-inch), a 1/2-inch round nosed scraping tool, a 1-inch firmer gouge for roughing and a 1/8-inch parting tool. Gouges for heavy work, and special tools for rings, etc., are provided in the tool room.

Stock

In both Part I and Part II the stock used in every case, where allowable, is of the same size. This avoids much waste time, which would occur if a variety of sizes were used. Stock 8 inches long by If inches square appears to be the best size for exercise pieces and also for small footstool legs.

Goblets, napkin rings, and similar objects may be made from the short pieces resulting from the cutting of regular stock. Chair legs, large footstool legs, candlestick stems, etc., should be selected from the better portion of the 1 3/4-inch stock.

Regulations

In the lathe room, while the lathes are in motion, there is always a probability that work will be injured if from any cause a pupil looks up while his tools are cutting. It is, therefore, a matter of much importance that pupils should refrain from all conversation, and from moving about the room. Care should also be taken to avoid any unusual noise in turning, or in starting or stopping the lathe.

No pupil should ever borrow or lend any tool or piece of material. Every piece of material, including sandpaper, should be plainly marked with the pupil's name. When the work is completed, the name of the pupil and the date of completion should be plainly written upon it. The work should be kept in the bench drawer until completed.

The lathe should be watched, and any indication of its being out of order should at once be reported. A drop of oil should be placed on each bearing of the live spindle at the beginning of each recitation. The end of the piece bearing against the dead-center should be oiled when the piece is first placed in the lathe, and each succeeding day that the same piece is used. The dead-center should be carefully watched, and, if it becomes too warm, the tail-screw should be turned to loosen the work, or more oil be applied. In case any tool or bit of material has been tampered with during the absence of the pupil, it should be reported to the instructor at once.

At the close of the recitation the tools must be put in place. Tools which require grinding may be handed to the instructor. Each pupil must brush all shavings and dirt from his lathe; and when cleaning the lathe care must be taken that no dirt is thrown on adjoining lathes. The lavatories are for use, and every pupil should wash his hands and brush his clothes before going to another recitation.

At the close of the year each pupil may remove the work he has completed by paying for the materials used, except such pieces as are needed in the school for exhibition.

For each exercise a sufficient amount of material will be given each pupil. This material will be sufficient to complete the exercise properly, and only in very extreme cases shall more material be given. The first piece given must be finished as well as possible, even though very incorrect or under size. Sandpaper should not be used on any exercise until that exercise has been passed upon by the instructor.

The Illustrations

The illustrations for this book represent the actual conditions and work of a school room where pupils succeed in learning to use their turning tools, as they are used by good workmen in practical turning. A large number of pupils were asked to pose for the views, in order to eliminate as much as possible the peculiarities of any one pupil, and illustrate general principles, applicable to all.

In studying the illustrations, do not attempt to imitate them, but rather follow the principles given, adapting them to your own strength and temperament. All important positions are shown from different sides and by different pupils. Examine all illustrations relating to the exercise before attempting to do any turning. This will lessen any liability to misunderstand the illustrations.

If you have already formed habits in the use of turning tools, do not continue them if there is a better method. Often there are several ways which are correct, but this does not imply that any method will answer. Learn the best way, as it will save you much time and trouble.

In many of the illustrations a part of the lathe centers are shown. This is to indicate the position of the piece in the lathe. It is a matter of considerable importance which end of a piece is on the live-center, and whether there is a stub at either end to be cut off after the work has been removed from the lathe.