Place the rule on the surface to be measured and, with the knife in the right hand and the back of the blade against the rule, as shown in Fig. 18, make a mark at the desired distance with the extreme point of the knife blade. Lay off as many points as you can without moving the rule.

Take the piece used in Lesson 3 (Use Of The Gauge), Fig. 13, and lay off twelve 1-inch spaces. Begin about 1/4 inch from the end, so that there will be left at each end of the piece some waste material which may be cut off in finishing the ends after the scale is completed.

Fig. 18. Marking off Spaces.

Place the point of the knife in the first mark and move the try-square up to the knife while holding it, as in lining the shelf border (Fig. 19). Hold the try-square firmly, and with the knife begin at the farther edge and draw a line across the piece close up to the blade of the try-square. In holding the try-square, it is best to place the thumb against the head, the first and second fingers on the blade, and the third and fourth fingers against the piece, as shown in Fig. 19. When the head of the try-square is on the opposite side, as in drawing lines at the opposite end, the fingers are against the try-square and the thumb against the piece (Figs. 20 and 42). See that the line is straight, and that it passes exactly through the center of the mark made by the point of the knife when laying off the spaces.

Be sure to keep the head of the try-square against

Fig 19. Lining. Compare this position with that shown in Fig. 42.

Fig. 20. Lining. Reverse position.

the edge having the face-mark. Draw a line in a similar manner at each of the points. After the lines have been drawn the marks made by the point of the knife should not be visible. By standing with the left side a little toward the bench one will be more apt to draw the lines correctly. When near the opposite end the try-square and piece should be reversed and the lines drawn as shown in Fig. 20. In drawing lines on a wide piece the try-square is held as shown in Fig. 21. No matter how wide or how narrow the piece, the knife must be held at the same angle the entire length of the line. Any variation in the angle which the knife makes with the surface of the piece is quite certain to cause an irregularity in the line. If you are drawing lines on a piece which is too long to be re-

Fig. 22. Lining at the Left-Hand End.

Fig. 21. Lining on a Wide Piece.

versed you may draw the lines at the left-hand end, as shown in Fig. 22.

After completing these lines, go back over each line with the try-square and examine them very carefully to see if they are exactly straight across. Hold the piece up to the light, as shown in Fig. 23. Place the rule on edge on the piece and see whether the lines coincide with the inch lines on the rule. If they do not appear to be square, or at the proper distances, go over them again with the knife and correct them.

Next lay off 1/2 inches, and draw lines through these points from the line which is 1 inch from the edge to the face edge. When these are completed and corrected, lay off 1/4 inches, and draw lines from the line which is 1/2 inch from the edge to the face edge. Next lay off 1/8 inches, and draw lines to the remaining gauge line. Be careful to make full, even lines, holding the knife well on the point. Should these lines not be neatly and accurately drawn, draw similar gauge lines on the opposite side, and repeat the knife lines as on the first side.

Continue to practice laying off spaces and drawing lines until you can make every line correctly.

Fig. 23. Testing Lines.

It is useless to attempt to make joints or construct any of the models until you have learned to lay off spaces and draw lines correctly. If necessary, plane off the lines and try again. Make a gauge line to plane to, and plane the side to correct shape before attempting to repeat the lining.