157.    In writing sentences phonographically, oftentimes two or more words are joined together in one sign, without taking off the pen; very much as some rapid penmen connect words together in writing longhand. This method of grouping words together into single shorthand outlines is called "Phraseography," and is of great practical utility to any phonographer, but more especially to the verbatim reporter.

158. Rule of Position. - As a general thing, in phrase-writing, the outline of the first word of a phrase is written in the position it would occupy if standing alone, and the outlines of all subsequent words are joined on after, in the order of their occurrence. Examples:

97

159. Exceptions. - There are some exceptions to this general rule, in which, for special reasons, the outline of the first word of the phrase is not written in position, but is raised or lowered so as to permit the outline of a subsequent word (usually the second) to be written in its proper position. Examples of these exceptions will be given farther on.

160.  Position with Breve Phrase-Signs. - When a phrase is composed entirely of breve-signs, the general rule at 158 is followed, the first breve being written in its proper position and the others joined on after in the order of their occurrence.

161.   Position with Breve and Stem Phrase-Signs. - When a phrase begins with a breve-word, but also contains a stem word or words, the breve-sign at the beginning is sometimes written in its proper position and sometimes it follows the position of the first stem-word in the phrase ; as is more fully set forth in the next paragraph.

162.    The breve-words that at the beginning of a phrase follow the general rule and are always written in their own positions are who, have, how, without, when, with, what, would, and is. The breve-words that at the beginning of a phrase lose their own positions and follow that of the first stem-word in the phrase, are a, an, and, I, of, he, we, you-r, and as.

163. Breve for "A," "An," or "And."—In phrase-writing, any one of the words a, an, or and may be written with the breve Poid, usually struck downward, but sometimes upward. Examples:

98

Remark. In writing the phrase and-a (Poid'-Up-Poid) the upper half is made first, being struck downward to the right, and the lower half is then added with an upward stroke to the left.

164. Breve for "The."—The may be written with either Choid or Roid at the end or in the middle of phrases, but never at the beginning. Examples:

99

165.   "Ing-a," etc. - The breve Poid, detached and written in the place of the Ing-dot or stem Ing, denotes either ing-a, ing-an, or ing-and.

166.   "Ing-the." - The breve Choid, detached and written in the place of the Ing-dot or stem Ing, denotes ing-the.

Examples:

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167. "I" and "Of" in Phrases may be written with either Roid or Choid, according to which makes the best junction. Examples:

101102

168. "Have " in Phrases is written usually with Joid or Roid, but occasionally with the stem Vee. Before the words /, a, an, we, you, your, us or not, have is written with the breve Roid. Examples:

103

169. "He" and "Him" in Phrases are usually written with their regular signs, Toid and Doid; but both of these words may be written with Koid when that will make a better junction than the perpendicular breves. Examples:

104

170. "We" Alone and in Phrases. - We, when standing alone, is written with the stem Way3. But in phrases we is generally written with the breve Thoid or Soid. Examples:

105

171.   Hook-breve for " We." - The hook-breve may be used for we before Lee, as in the phrase we will.

172.   "Way," "Away." - At the termination of a few phrases ending in way or away, in which it is inconvenient to join the stem Way, the breve Thoid or Soid may be used instead. See 121.

173. "You" and "Your." - In phrases both you and your are generally written with the breve

Noid or Moid; except that at the beginning of phrases your is more frequently written with the stem Yays. Examples :

106

174. "You," "Your," and "Would" Added by Enlarging Breve. - Enlarging Thoid or Soid indicates that the word represented by the breve (as without, when, with, what, or would) is immediately followed by you or your; and enlarging Moid or Noid indicates that the word it represents (you) is followed by would : thus,--

107

175.   "From - To."—When from is followed by a word occurring twice with to between, both from and to may be omitted and yet indicated by writing the outlines of the repeated word twice close together or joined.

176.   "To " or "Too " may be omitted and indicated by dropping the outline of the succeeding word entirely below the line. This is called the Fourth-Position, and is half the length of a Tee below the Third-Position of any given stem or outline.

Examples:

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177. Caution. - Words written with horizontal stems, as come, go, give, make, etc., should not be written in the Fourth-Position. Before such words, to is generally best written with Tee3.

178.  "Are" Written with Ree or Er. - Are is written with either Ree or Er, according to the following rules:

I.  Whether standing alone or joined at the beginning of a phrase, are is always written with Ree in the first position.

II.  When joined in phrases, other than at the beginning, are is sometimes written with Er, but never with Ree.

Examples:

109

179.  "Were" always Written with Ree. - Were is always written with its abbreviation Ree. It is put in the third position when standing alone or at the beginning of a phrase, or when it is the second word of a phrase that begins with a breve-word which loses its own position (see 162). In all other cases were is joined on after the preceding word, without regard to position (see last six phrase-signs below). Examples:

110

Key. Were, were-they, were-the (or I), were-a, were-he, and-were, he-were, I-were, we-were, you-were, it-were, which-were-they, where-were, how-were, what-were, who-were.

Remark. Were is written in the third position, instead of the second to which it naturally belongs, to distinguish it as much as possible by difference of position from are (Ree1).

111

179. "Were" always Written with Ree. - Were is always written with its abbreviation Ree. It is put in the third position when standing alone or at the beginning of a phrase, or when it is the second word of a phrase that begins with a breve-word which loses its own position (see 162). In all other cases were is joined on after the preceding word, without regard to position (see last six phrase-signs below). Examples:

112

Key. Were, were-they, were-the (or I), were-a, were-he, and-were, he-were, I-were, we-were, you-were, it-were, which-were-they, where-were, how-were, what-were, who-were.

Remark. Were is written in the third position, instead of the second to which it naturally belongs, to distinguish it as much as possible by difference of position from are (Ree1).

Reading Exercise.

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Writing Exercise.

Remark. Figures in parentheses refer to paragraphs of this book.

I-thank-you for giving so-much time to-my boy, and I-hope he-will do well (125). Where-were-you when-the fire was raging at-my home ? /-never saw anything like-them to-my-knowledge in-my-life. That-was so-long-ago that I-can remember nothing that I-did. They-were here long-enough to-do (176) much damage to-our (176) park. Will-you-look-at the lady from Canada and say what-you. (174) think of her ? You-were saying that-you-may-be here tomorrow to-take (176) tea with me and-my family ; I-wish you-would (174) come so early that we-may enjoy the day together. Who-were with-you (174) when-yon came to-New- York (176) from Nevada in November a year-ago? We-think it-would-be well to-go and live on-a farm for a month or so. Have-you-ever-had an opportunity to-see (176) how-much you-could do in-a day when-you were well a hearty ("5)?