Arnold Ruge, a German author, born at Bergen, island of Rügen, Sept. 13, 1803. He was imprisoned for five years as a member of a political students' association, but subsequently graduated and lectured on' philosophy at Halle, and joined in the publication of the Hallische Jahrbücher, which was ultimately suppressed in Prussia and Saxony. He next edited for about two years the Deutsch-französische Jahrbücher in Paris, conjointly with Karl Marx, and afterward connected himself with Julius Froebel's literary bureau at Zürich, which was closed by the authorities, as was also a similar establishment which he founded in 1847 at Leip-sic. The city of Breslau elected him in 1848 to the Frankfort parliament. In the same year he established Die Reform, a daily journal, at Berlin, which was speedily suppressed, and he was expelled from that city, and in 1849 also from Paris. With Ledru-Rollin and Mazzini he founded in London in the same year the European democratic committee, and he has since resided at Brighton as a visiting tutor.

His collected works (10 vols., Mannheim, 1846-8) were followed by his Revolu-tionsnovellen (2 vols., Leipsic, 1850) and Aus früherer Zeit (4 vols., Berlin, 1862-'7). He has translated into German "The Letters of Junius," Buckle's "History of Civilization" (5th ed., 1874), Henry Lytton Bulwer's "Life of Viscount Palmerston," and other works.