On the march, when an attack was to be apprehended, it formed the legio quadrata, a sort of lengthened column with a wide front, baggage in the centre. This was of course possible in the open plain only where the line of march could go across the country. - In Caesar's time the legions were mostly recruited by voluntary enlistment in Italy. After the social war, the right of citizenship, and with it liability for service, had been extended to all Italy. The pay was about equal to the earnings of a laborer; recruits, therefore, were plentiful, even without having recourse to the conscription. In exceptional cases only were legions recruited in the provinces; thus Caesar had his fifth le-gion recruited in Roman Gaul, but afterward it received the Roman naturalization en masse. The legions were far from having the nominal strength of 4,500 men; those of Caesar were seldom much above 3,000. Levies of recruits were formed into new legions (legiones tironum), rather than mixed with the veterans in the old; legions; these new legions were at first ex-eluded from battles in the open field, and prin-cipally used for guarding the camp. The legion was divided into ten cohorts of three manipuli each.

The names of hastati, principes, and tri-arii were maintained as far as necessary to de-note the rank of officers according to the system indicated above; as to the soldiers, these names had lost all significance. The six centurions of the first cohort of each legion were by right present at councils of war. The centuri-ons rose from the ranks, and seldom attained higher command; the school for superior offi-cers was in the personal staff of the general, consisting of young men of education, who soon advanced to the rank of tribuni militum,, and later on to that of legati. The armament of the soldier remained the same: pilum and sword. Besides his accoutrements, the soldier carried his personal baggage, weighing from 35 to 6O pounds. The contrivance for carrying it was so clumsy that the baggage had first to be deposited before the soldier was ready for battle. The camp utensils of the army were carried on • the backs of horses and mules, of which a legion required about 500. Every legion had its eagle, and every cohort its colors. For light infantry, Caesar drew from his legions a certain number of men (antesignani) equally fit for light service and for close fight in line.

Besides these, he had his provincial auxiliaries, Cretan archers, Balearic slingers, Gallic and Numidian contingents, and German mercena-ries. His cavalry consisted partly of Gallic, partly of German troops. The Roman velites and cavalry had disappeared some time before, The staff of the army consisted of the legati, appointed by the senate, the lieutenants of the general, whom he employed to command de-tached corps, or portions of the order of battle. Caesar for the first time gave to every legion a legate as standing commander. If there were not legates enough, the quaestor, too, had to take the command of a legion. He was prop-erly the paymaster of the army and chief of the commissariat, and was assisted in this office by numerous clerks and orderlies. Attached to the staff were the tribuni militum, and the young volunteers above mentioned (contuber-nales, comites prœtorii), doing duty as adju-tants or orderly officers; but in battle they fought in line, the same as private soldiers, in the ranks of the cohors prœtoria, consisting of the lictors, clerks, servants, guides (specula-tores), and orderlies [apparitores) of the head-quarters. The general had a sort of personal guard, consisting of veterans, who had volun-tarily reenlisted on the call of their former chief.

This troop, mounted on the march, but fighting on foot, was considered the elite of the army; it carried and guarded the vexillum, the signal banner for the whole army. In bat- tle, CAesar generally fought in three lines, four cohorts per legion in the first, and three in the second and third lines each; the cohorts of the ' second line dressed on the intervals of the first. | The second line had to relieve the first; the third line formed a general reserve for decisive manoeuvres against the front or flank of the enemy, or for parrying his decisive thrusts, Wherever the enemy so far outflanked the line that its prolongation became necessary, the army was disposed in two lines only. One single line (acies simplex) was made use of in an extreme case of need only, and then without intervals between the cohorts; in the defence \ of a camp, however, it was the rule, as the line was still eight to ten deep, and could form a reserve from the men who had no room on the parapet. - Augustus completed the work of making the Roman troops a regular standing \ army. He had 25 legions distributed all over the empire, of which eight were on the Rhine: (considered the main strength of the army), three in Spain, two in Africa, two in Egypt, four in Syria and Asia Minor, six in the Danu-bian countries.

Italy was garrisoned by chosen troops recruited exclusively in that country, and forming the imperial guard; this consisted of 12, later on of 14 cohorts; and the city of Rome had also 7 cohorts of municipal guards (vigiles), formed originally from emancipated ! slaves. Besides this regular army, the prov-inces had to furnish, as formerly, their light auxiliary troops, now mostly reduced to a sort of militia for garrison and police duty. On menaced frontiers, however, not only these auxiliary troops, but foreign mercenaries also, were employed in active service. The number ! of legions increased under Trajan to 30, under ! Septimius Severus to 33. The legions, besides i their numbers, had names, taken from their ! stations (L. Germanica, L. Italica), from em- perors (L. Augusta), from gods (L. Primige- nia, L. Apollinaris), or conferred as honorary distinctions (Z. fidelis, L. pia, L. invicta). The organization of the legion underwent some | changes. The commander was now called ! prœfectus. The first cohort was doubled in strength (cohors milliaria), and the normal strength of the legion raised to 6,100 infantry and 726 cavalry; this was to be the minimum, and in case of need one or more cohortes mil-liari® were to be added.