In these great works of the Italian painters it must be borne in mind that the masters furnished the cartoons, while the details were painted by pupils, many of whom in turn became masters.

Rembrandt van Ryn raised the Dutch school to its highest development in realistic art. Perfect command of light and shade, picturesque effect and truth to nature marks all the work of Rembrandt.

"The Girl I Left Behind Me" has been played and sung in England since 1760. Its original name was "Brighton Camp." It is an Irish air, but who composed either the words or the music is now unknown.

The Caryatides were figures of Greek women used in architecture to support entablatures. They were first used by Praxiteles to perpetuate the disgrace of Carya, who sided with the Persians in the battle of Thermopylae.

The opposite art term to relief is intaglio, and means the representation of a subject by hollowing it out in a gem or other substance, so that an impression taken from the engraving presents the appearance of a bas-relief.

The candelabrum is properly a candlestick, but is regularly used also for a lamp-stand. Often from three to ten feet high, it may be of great variety of form and may be made of marble, bronze, and the precious metals. The bronze candelabra of the Renaissance are also notable art objects.

Byzantine architecture was the style which was developed by the Byzantine artists from Christian symbolism. Its main features were the circle, dome, and round arch, and its chief symbols, the lily, cross, vesica and nimbus.

In the Vatican at Rome there is a marble statue with natural eyelashes, the only one with this peculiarity in the world. It represents Ariadne sleeping on the Island of Naxos at the moment when she was deserted by Theseus.

The camera obscura (lit. "a dark chamber"), early described by Giambattista della Porta in his "Magia Naturalis," received a new interest in the hands of Daguerre, when it became the principal instrument used in photography.

The concertina is a musical instrument invented in 1829 by Wheat-stone, the electrician, the sounds of which are produced by free vibrating reeds of metal, as in the accordion. The scale of the concertina is very complete and extensive.

In St. John's College, Oxford, is preserved a portrait of Charles I, in which the engraver's lines, as they seem to be, are really microscopic writing, the face alone containing all the book of Psalms, with the creeds and several forms of prayers.

Though Hogarth, the father of the English school of painting, was successful as a portrait painter, it was those famous series of satires on the follies of people in general and of Londoners in particular that placed him among the "immortals."

The Greeks employed music, no doubt simple in form, in their dramas. The chorus sang, or rather "intoned poetry," between scenes, and was a very important adjunct of the play, as it was often the only means of showing the action of the plot.

Alto, in music, is properly the same as counter tenor, the male voice of the highest pitch (now principally falsetto), and not the lowest female voice, which is properly contralto, though in printed music the second part in a quartet is always entitled alto.

People love pictures. That is apparent to every thoughtful man who visits an art gallery. It may be true that comparatively few understand all that the artists have said, but it is equally true that, in general, the people derive delight from the works of art.

Dillettante in its original sense is synonymous with an amateur, or lover of the fine arts. It is often used as a term of reproach, to signify an amateur whose taste lies in the direction of what is trivial and vulgar, or of a critic or connoisseur whose knowledge is mere affectation and pretence.

The Cyclopean walls was a name given to masonry built of large irregular stones, closely fitting, but unhewn and uncemented. They were attributed to Strabo's Cyclopes, who were probably mythical, and many of them still exist in Greece (as at Mycenae and Tiryus), Italy and elsewhere.

Artists say that the next great school will appear in America and rule the artistic world with a more imperial power than the French school exercises today. When one reflects that the art of a nation is but the expression of the inner feeling of its people he is constrained to accept the prophecy as true.

Madonna, an Italian word meaning "My Lady," is used as the generic title for works of art, generally paintings, representing the Virgin, or the Virgin with the Infant Christ. Legend credits St. Luke with having painted the first Madonna, a portrait put on the canvas from life, and with having carved the image of the Virgin in the Santa Casa at Loreto.

Serenade (Ital. serenata) was originally music performed in a calm night; hence an entertainment of music given by a lover to his mistress under her window - especially in Spain and Italy. A piece of music characterized by the soft repose which is supposed to be in harmony with the stillness of night is sometimes called a serenade, more usually a nocturne.

Tableaux vivants, or living pictures, are representations of works of painting and sculpture, or of scenes from history or fiction, by living persons. They are said to have been invented by Madame de Genlis, when she had charge of the education of the children of the Duke of Orleans. They were long common in theatres, as they are now in private circles.

In the fine arts a cartoon is a design on strong paper of the full size of a work to be afterwards executed in fresco, oil color, or tapestry; and prepared in order that the artist may adjust the drawing and composition of his subject where alterations can be readily effected. The design when completed is transferred, by tracing or pouncing, to the surface finally to be worked on.

We apply the term Moorish, or Moresque, to the special form of Saracenic architecture developed by the Moors in Spain. Its characteristics were the horseshoe arch, the slender column, minarets, mosques, lattice-work, and gorgeous coloring. The principle examples are the mosque of Cordova (eighth century), and the palace of the Alhambra at Granada (fourteenth century).