EDDA                                                    58l                                          EDINBURGH

Quito, the capital (80,000), has a university and an institute of sciences, and there are universities in Azuay and Guayas. The principal cities are Quito, Guayaquil and Cuenca. The population is 1,400,000. See Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador, by Simson, and Four Years among Spanish-Americans, by Ha'ssaurek.

Edda (meaning great-grandmother), the name of two very different collections of old Scandinavian literature. The Younger or prose Edda was written between 1050 and 1133, and discovered in 1628. The Elder Edda is a collection of songs, mostly Icelandic. These are 39 poems which sing the praises of old Scandinavian gods and heroes. They belong probably to the 8th and 9th centuries. See Iceland, Its Scenes and Sagas, by Baring-Gould.

Eddy, Mary Baker, founder of the system known as Christian Science, was born at Bow, New Hampshire. She was educated in the public schools and by private instructors. In 1867 she announced and began to teach her system. She organized the Church of Christ, Scientist, in Boston in 1879, was ordained to the ministry and founded the Massachusetts Metaphysical College in Boston, which was chartered in 1881. In 1883 she founded the Christian Science Journal. She is the author of Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures and many other works on the subject. The sect which she founded spread rapidly, and is now represented by churches m many cities She died Dec. 3, 1910.

Ed'dystone Lighthouse was first built in 1Ó9Ŏ-1700 on the group of rocks called the Eddy stone, lying between Start Point and the Lizard in the English Channel, nine miles from the Cornish coast. The rocks are covered every day by the tide, and were the cause of many shipwrecks before the lighthouse was built. The first lighthouse was completely washed away in a storm in 1703, and the second was burned in 1755. The third was built of limestone incased in granite. The granite is dovetailed into the solid rock, and each block into its neighbor. It was shaped like an oak-tree a.id the light could be seen for 13 miles. The lighthouse was of great strength, but the sea began to wash away the foundation-rocks, and it thus became necessary to build another. The new one was put up in 1882, and is like the one before it, with the exception that it is higher and is equipped with newer apparatus. It casts a light for 17$ miles. See Lighthouse.

E'den, the name of the district situated in paradise. It lay in the east in the highlands of Central Asia. Many efforts have been made to discover just where Eden was, but scholars do not at all agree as to its precise location. The Aryan races, as well as the Hebrews, believed that the

human race had its origin in the mountains of Central Asia.

Edge'hill, a hill or ridge in Warwickshire upon which was fought the first important battle of the Civil War in England, Oct. 23, 1642. King Charles intended to march upon London, but was met by the Earl of Essex with 10,000 of the troops of the Roundheads. The king's army was in number about 12,000, and was drawn up on Edgehill. Prince Rupert, who led the right wing of the royalists, charged with his cavalry the left wing of the Roundheads and pursued it for several miles; but meanwhile the right wing of the Roundheads drove back the royal infantry with great loss. The battle was indecisive, the royalist loss being the heavier.

Edgeworth, Maria, English novelist, was born in Oxfordshire, Jan. 1, 1767, and died near Longford, Ireland, May 22, 1849. She began to write fiction early in the 19th century, though she had previously taken an interest, with her father, in educational topics. Her chief stories, which treat mainly of the virtues and vices of humanity and have high moral aim, embrace Popular Tales, Moral Tales, Castle Rackrent, Belinda Ormond, Tales of Fashionable Life and an Essay on Irish Bulls.

Edict of Nantes. See Huguenots.

Ed'inburgh, the capital of Scotland. It stands about two miles from the sea on a series of ridges, and is overlooked by Arthur's Seat and other hills. Arthur's Seat is a picturesque hill in Queen's Park, near the city, and its name is supposed to go back to King Arthur's time. It rises 822 feet above sealevel, and gives a view of great extent and wonderful beauty. Of the hills within the city the most important is Castle Rock. In the beginning of the 7th century Edinburgh is mentioned as the capital of the kingdom of Northumbria, and named after its king, Edwin. The city was made a borough by Robert Bruce, who also gave it the right to establish a port at Leith, two miles away. During the 15th century it began to be recognized as the capital of Scotland, and Parliament regularly met there. In 1544 the city was burned by the English. In 15Ŏ1 Queen Mary came back from France, and the tragedy of her short reign was acted almost entirely in Edinburgh. It was at Holyrood Palace that Rizzio was killed; in Kirk-of-Field, near where the university now stands, Darnley was murdered; and in the chapel of Holyrood Mary was married to Bothwell. The union of England and Scotland, in 1707, drew away the Scottish nobility from Edinburgh, but the Pretender was welcomed there for a short time in 1745. Since then the city has spread far beyond its ancient walls, and has become famous as a center of scientific and literary activity. Its many fine buildings and picturesque situation,