[Negotiation - how completed.] § 30. An instrument is negotiated when it is transferred from one person to another in such manner as to constitute the transferee the holder thereof; if payable to bearer, it is negotiated by delivery; if payable to order, it is negotiated by the indorsement of the holder, completed by delivery.

[Indorsement, how made - not negatived by additional words.] § 31. The indorsement must be written on the instrument itself or upon a paper attached thereto. The signature of the indorser, without additional words, is a sufficient indorsement, and the addition of words of assignment or of guaranty shall not negative the additional effect of the signature as an indorsement unless otherwise expressly stated.

[Indorsement must be of entire instrument.] § 32. The indorsement must be an indorsement of the entire instrument. An indorsement which purports to transfer to the indorsee a part only of the amount payable, or which purports to transfer the instrument to two or more indorsees severally, does not operate as a negotiation of the instrument. But where the instrument has been paid in part, it may be indorsed as to the residue.

[Indorsement may be blank, special or restrictive.] § 33. An indorsement may be either in blank or special; and it may also be either restrictive or qualified, or conditional.

[Indorsement in blank payable to bearer.] § 34. A special indorsement specifies the person to whom or to whose order the instrument is to be payable; and the indorsement of such indorsee is necessary to the further negotiation of the instrument. An indorsement in blank specifies no indorsee, and an instrument so indorsed is payable to bearer, and may be negotiated by delivery.

[Holder may convert blank indorsement into special.] § 35. The holder may convert a blank indorsement into a special indorsement by writing over the signature of the indorser in blank any contract consistent with the character of the indorsement.

[Restrictive indorsement, elements of.] § 36. An indorsement is restrictive which either:

1. Prohibits the further negotiation of the instrument; or

2. Constitutes the indorsee the agent of the indorser; or

3. Vests the title in the indorsee in trust for or to the use of some other person. But the mere absence of words implying power to negotiate does not make an indorsement restrictive.

[Rights conferred by restrictive indorsements.] § 37. A restrictive indorsement confers upon the indorsee the right:

1. To receive payment of the instrument.

2. To bring any action thereon that the endorser could bring.

(2. To bring any action thereon that the indorser could bring or accept in the case of a restrictive indorsement specified in section 36 - sub-section 2, any action against the indorser or any prior party that a special indorsee would be entitled to bring.)

3. To transfer his rights as such indorsee, where the form of the indorsement authorizes him to do so.

(3. To transfer the instrument where the form of the indorsement authorizes him to do so.)

But all subsequent indorsees acquire only the title of the first indorsee under the restrictive indorsement specified in section 36 - sub-section 1 - and as against the principal or cestui que trust only the title of the first indorsee under the restrictive indorsements specified in section 36 - sub-sections 2 and 3 respectively.

[Qualified indorsement does not impair negotiability.] § 38. A qualified indorsement constitutes the indorser a mere assignor of the title to the instrument. It may be made by adding to the indorsees signature the words "without recourse" or any words of similar import. Such an indorsement does not impair the negotiable character of the instrument.

[Conditional indorsement obligatory on indorsee.] § 39. Where an indorsement is conditional, a party required to pay the instrument may disregard the condition, and make a payment to the indorsee or bis transferee, whether the condition has been fulfilled or not. But any person to whom an instrument so indorsed is negotiated, will hold the same, or the proceeds thereof, subject to the rights of the person indorsing conditionally.

[Remote special indorser protected.] § 40. Where an instrument originally payable to or indorsed specifically to bearer is subsequently indorsed specially it may nevertheless be further negotiated by delivery; but the person indorsing specially is liable as indorser to only such holders as make title through his indorsement.

[When payable to several, all to indorse.] § 41. Where an instrument is payable to the order of two or more payees or indorsees who are not partners, all must indorse unless the one indorsing has authority to indorse for the others.

[Paper drawn to cashier deemed payable to his bank.] § 42. Where an instrument is drawn or indorsed to a person, as "Cashier" or other fiscal officer of a bank or corporation, it is deemed 'prima facie to be payable to the bank or corporation of which he is such officer; and may be negotiated by either the indorsement of the bank or corporation, or the indorsement of the officer.

[Indorsement by wrongly designated payee.] § 43. Where the name of the payee or indorsee is wrongly designated or misspelled, he may indorse the instrument as therein described, adding, if he thinks fit, his proper signature.

[Indorsement in representative capacity may negative personal liability.] § 44. Where any person is under obligation to indorse in a representative capacity, he may indorse in such terms as to negative personal liability.

[Presumption of negotiation before maturity.] § 45. Except where an indorsement bears date after the maturity of the instrument, every negotiation is deemed prima facie to have been effected before the instrument was overdue.

[Presumptive identity of place of indorsement with date.] § 46. Except where the contrary appears, every indorsement is presumed prima facie to have been made at the place where the instrument is dated.

[Negotiability continues till discharge by indorsement, payment or otherwise.] § 47. an instrument negotiable in its origin continues to be negotiable until it has been respectively indorsed or discharged by payment or otherwise.

[Owner may strike out any indorsement - subsequent indorsers released.] § 48. The owner may at any time strike out any indorsement which is not necessary to his title. The indorser whose indorsement is struck out, and all indorsers subsequent to him, are thereby relieved from liability on the instrument.

[Transfer without indorsement - title acquired.] § 49. Where the holder of an instrument payable to his order transfers it for value without indorsing it, the transferer vests in the transferee such title as the transferee had therein, and the transferee acquires, in addition, the right to enforce the instrument against one who signed for the accommodation of the transferer and the right to have the indorsement of the transferer if omitted by accident or mistake. But for the purpose of determining whether the transferee is a holder in due course, the negotiation takes effect as of the time when the indorsement is actually made.

[Prior indorser may acquire and reissue paper, but can not enforce against intervening indorsers.] § 50. Where an instrument is negotiated back to a prior party, such party may, subject to the provisions of this act, reissue and further negotiate the same, but he is not entitled to enforce payment thereof against any intervening party to whom he was personally liable.