Over-Certification

(See "Certified Check,") Certifying a check to an amount greater than the deposit standing to the credit of the party drawing the check. This is prohibited by law, but very largely done, nevertheless.

Overchecked

See " Overdraw."

Overdraft

See " Overdraw."

Overissue

When a corporation issues more of a security than it is legally permitted to, it has made an "overissue."

Overlying Mortgage

A mortgage to which some one, or more, other mortgages have prior claims; the opposite to "underlie," to which refer. (See "Junior Mortgage.")

Overnight Loan

A loan of money to be repaid the following day.

1 The New York Courts have recently decided that a bank is not liable for a clerk's blunder for damages to a depositor. In the particular case upon which the decision was rendered, the plaintiff had a check returned, indorsed "not sufficient funds." Owing to a bookkeeper's mistake money belonging to the plaintiff had been credited to another account. The plaintiff claimed that the action of the bank injured him in a business way. The jury brought in a verdict for the defendant.

Oversold

The market is "oversold" when more securities have been contracted for delivery than the sellers are able to purchase at advantageous prices, resulting in a rising market; too many people have " gone short." (See " Selling Short.")

Over the Counter. Sales of securities directly by bankers without the medium of the stock exchanges; outside sales, as they are called, of all kinds. Used particularly in speaking of bonds.

O. & A. October and April; interest or dividend payable semi-annually beginning with October.

P

The sign used in the Spanish monetary system for the "peseta," as $ is for our dollar.

Pac

Pacific.

p. a. c. These letters stand for "put-and-call." (See "Straddle.")

Pacific Coast

The Pacific Coast Co. Successor to The Oregon Improvement Co.

Pacific Mail

Pacific Mail Steamship Co.

Pacific Railroads

Used in two senses. First, the railroad companies with Pacific as part of their names; i. e. Union Pacific, Southern Pacific, Northern Pacific, Canadian Pacific, Western Pacific, and Central Pacific. Second, the roads reaching across the country to the Pacific Ocean; i. e. the first four mentioned, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Great Northern, and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe.

Pacifies

Railway companies with "Pacific" as part of their names, and whose securities are listed upon the New York Stock Exchange.

Paid-Up Stock. Same as "fully paid stock." (See "Fully Paid.")

Paid-Up Value. A life insurance term describing the sum of insurance, which, without further payment of premiums, should be given the insured in case of cessation on the part of the latter in payment of premiums after a fixed time. In other words, it is the value which a policy would have after a given time, as set forth in the policy, should the insured, from inability or otherwise, discontinue payment of premiums previous to the time originally contemplated in the policy. Many modern policies state therein the sums which would be the " paid-up value" of the same at different intervals.

Panama 2's. United States Government bonds redeemable after August 1, 1916, but due August 1, 1936, and known as the Panama Canal Bonds. (See " Government Bonds.")