This section is from the book "An Illustrated Flora Of The Northern United States, Canada And The British Possessions Vol1", by Nathaniel Lord Britton, Addison Brown. Also available from Amazon: An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. 3 Volume Set..
Mostly perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Rootstocks often scaly. Spikelets 1-flowered, very rarely 2-flowered. Scales 3, very rarely 4; the outer ones empty, membranous or hyaline, acute and sometimes awned; third scale 3-5-nerved, subtending a palet and perfect flower, obtuse, acute, or very often produced into a capillary awn; palet 2-keeled. Stamens often 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Callus minute. Grain narrow, free, tightly enclosed in the scale. [In honor of Henry Muhlenberg, 1756-1817, North American botanist.]
About 60 species, chiefly natives of America, a few Asiatic. Type species: Muhlenbergia Schreberi Gmel.
Panicle contracted, narrow, often slender, its branches erect or appressed. | ||
Outer scales 1/4 as long as the flowering scale or less. | ||
First scale minute, often wanting; flowering scale with an awn twice its length or less. | ||
1. | M. Schreberi. | |
First scale about 2/3 as long as the second; flowering scale with an awn 3-4 times its length. | ||
2. | M. palustris. | |
Outer scales more than 1/4 as long as the flowering scale. | ||
Plants with numerous and conspicuous rootstocks covered with short appressed scales. | ||
Flowering scale awnless, or sometimes awn-pointed. | ||
Outer scales ovate to broadly lanceolate, cuspidate, about 1/2 as long as the flowering | ||
scale. | 3. | M. sobolijera. |
Outer scales subulate, equalling or exceeding the flowering scale, awn-pointed or awned. | ||
Outer scales about equal in length to the flowering scale, about 1 1/2" long, sharp- | ||
pointed. | 4. | M. mexicana. |
Outer scales exceeding the flowering scale, generally twice its length, about 2 1/2" | ||
long, awned. | 5. | M. racemosa. |
Flowering scales long-awned, the awn usually twice as long as the scale, sometimes shorter. | ||
Outer scales 1/2-2/3 as long as the flowering scale, ovate to broadly lanceolate, cuspidate. | ||
6. | M. tenuifiora. | |
Outer scales equalling the flowering scale, subulate. | ||
Basal hairs not more than 1/2 as long as the flowering scale. | ||
Spikelets consisting of 3 scales and 1 perfect flower. | 7. M. umbrosa. | |
Spikelets consisting of 4 scales, the third with a perfect flower, the fourth | ||
empty and awned. | 8. | M. ambigua. |
Basal hairs as long as the flowering scale. | 9. | M. comata. |
Plants without rootstocks, or these rarely present and with few scattered long scales. | ||
Annual; outer scales less than 1/2 as long as the spikelet, rounded or truncate at the | ||
erose apex. | 10. | M. simplex. |
Perennial; outer scales 1/2. as long as the spikelet or more, acute or acuminate. | ||
Culms simple at the base, finally much-branched above; ligule about 1" long, acutish; | ||
outer scales about 1/2 as long as the spikelet, acute. | 11. | M. brevifolia. |
Culms branched at the very base only, simple above; ligule 1/4" long or less, erose-truncate; outer scales more than 1/2 as long as the flowering scale, attenuate. | ||
12. | M. cuspidata. | |
Panicle open, its branches long and spreading, slender. | ||
Culms 16' tall or less, from much-branched rootstocks; blades 2' long or less. | ||
Secondary branches of the panicle single; basal leaves short, numerous, strongly recurved. | ||
13. | M. gracillima. | |
Secondary branches of the panicle fasciculate; basal leaves few, not recurved. | ||
14. | M. pun gens. | |
Culms 20' tall or more; rootstocks none; blades elongated. | 15. | M. capillaris. |
 
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