Native. Perennial. Propagated by seeds.

Time of bloom: June to August.

Seed-time: August to October.

Range: Nova Scotia to Minnesota, southward to Georgia and

Louisiana. Habitat: Dry soil; fields, meadows, and waste places.

Stems rather slender, one to three feet tall, usually branched, finely hairy or sometimes smooth. Leaves alternate, oblong to lance-shaped, with few and shallow teeth, somewhat hairy, the lower ones with petioles, those on the stem sessile, the upper ones nearly linear. Flowers in terminal, leafy-bracted spikes, the blossoms sometimes nearly two inches broad, the petals notched at the outer edge, lustrous golden yellow, open in the daytime; tube of the calyx much longer than the ovary, its lobes narrowly lance-shaped and spreading. Capsules about a half-inch long, four-angled, and having four small wings projecting from the top, the base often narrowed abruptly to a short foot-stalk.

Means Of Control

Starvation of the perennial roots by frequent, successive, close cuttings. In cultivated ground the plants are destroyed by the required tillage.