Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-Le-Duc, a French architect, born in Paris, Jan. 27, 1814. He early studied Gothic architecture, and in 1836 -'9 studied in Italy the remains of Greek and Roman art. Since 1840 he has been employed in the restoration of churches, castles, town halls, fortifications, and other public structures in France, among them the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris, the fortifications of Carcassonne, and the Pierrefonds castle. In 1863 he became professor of the history of art and aesthetics at the school of fine arts. He is also a designer and painter in water colors. His principal works are the illustrated Dictionnaire raisonne de l'architecture frangaise du XIe au XVI'siecle (10 vols., 1853-'68), with its companion or continuation the Dictionnaire raisonne du mobilier francais de l'epoque carlovingienne d la renaissance (1855-'75); Essai sur Varchitecture militaire au moyen age (1854; English translation by M. Macdermott, London, 1860); Entretiens sur Varchitecture (vol. i., 1863; vol. ii., 1872; English translation of vol. i. by H. Van Brunt, Boston, 1875; of both by B. Bucknall, 2 vols., London, 1876); Histoire d'une maison (1873; English translation by M. Towle, Boston, 1874, and by B. Bucknall, London, 1874); Histoire d'une forteresse (1874; English translation by B. Bucknall, London and Boston, 1875); and Histoire de l' habitation humaine (1875; English translation by B. Bucknall, London and Boston, 1876).