Properties Of Hot Water

Description

This section is from the book "Principles And Practice Of Plumbing", by John Joseph Cosgrove. Also available from Amazon: Principles and Practice of Plumbing.

Properties Of Hot Water

Expansion Of Water

When water at or above the temperature of 39.1 degrees Fahr. is heated, it expands in volume. The temperature 39.1 degrees Fahr. is known as the point of maximum density. When water is at a lower temperature the application of heat causes it to contract in bulk and the application of cold causes it to expand.

The expansion, weight, density and comparative volume of pure water at different temperatures can be found in the following table:

Table XLVIII - Comparative Volume And Density Of Water At Different Temperatures (Calculated By Means Of Rankine's Approximate Formula) (D. K. Clark)


Temperature	Comparative Volume	Comparative Density	Weight of 1 cubic foot	Remarkable Temperatures
Degrees Fahr.	Water at 32o = 1	Water at 82° = 1	Pounds	t
32	1.00000	1.00000	62.418	Freezing Point.
35	0.99993	1.00007	62.422
39.1	0.99989	1.00011	62.425	Point of maximum density.
40	0.99989	1.00011	62.425
45	0.99993	1.00007	62.422
46	1.00000	1.00000	62.418	Same volume and density as at the freezing point.
50	1.00015	0.99985	62.409
52.3	1.00029	0.99971	62.400	Weight taken for ordinary calculations.
55	1.00038	0.99961	62.394
60	1.00074	0.99926	62.372
62	1.00101	0.99899	62.355	Mean temperature.
65	1.00119	0.99881	62.344
70	1.00160	0 99832	62.313
75	1.00239	0.99771	62.275
80	1.00299	0.99702	62.240
85	1.00379	0.99622	62.182
90	1.00459	0.99543	62.133
95	1.00554	0.99449	62.074
100	1.00639	0.92365	62.022	Temperature of condenser water.
105	1.00739	0.99260	61.960
110	1.00889	0.99119	61.868
115	1.00989	0.99021	61.807
120	1.01139	0.98874	61.715
125	1.01239	0.98808	61.654
130	1.01390	0.98630	61.563
135	1.01539	0.98484	61.472
140	1.01690	0.98339	61.381
145	1.01839	0.98194	61.291
150	1.01889	0.98050	61.201
155	1.02164	0.97882	61.096
160	1.02340 .	0.97714	60.991
165	1.02589	0.97477	60.843
170	1.02690	0.97380	60.783
175	1.02906	0.97193	60.665
180	1.03100	0.97006	60.548
185	1.03300	0.96828	60.430
190	1.03500	0.96632	60.314
195	1.03700	0.96440	60.198
200	1.03889	0.96256	60.081

Table XLVIII - Continued


Temperature	Comparative Volume	Comparative Density-	Weight of 1 cubic foot	Remarkable Temperatures
Degrees Fahr.	Water at 32° = 1	Water at 32° = 1	Pounds
205	1.0414	0.9602	59.93
210	1.0434	0.9584	59.82
212	1.0444	0.9575	59.76	Boiling point by formula
212	1.0466	0.9555	59.64	Boiling point by direct measurement.
230	1.0529	0.9499	59.26
250	1.0628	0.9411	58.75
270	1.0727	0.9323	58.18
290	1.0838	0.9227	57.59
298	1.0899	0.9175	57.27	Temperature of steam of 50 lbs. effective pressure per square inch.
338	1.1118	0.8994	56.14	Temperature of steam of 100 lbs. pressure per square inch.
366	1.1301	0.8850	55.29	Temperature of steam of 150 lbs. pressure per square inch.
390	1.1444	0.8738	54.54	Temperature of steam of 205 lbs. effective pressure per square inch.

The increase in bulk of a given quantity of water can be found by the formula, v=oc q

In which v=final volume of water o=original volume of water c=comparative volume of water at final temperature q=comparative volume of water at original temperature

Example

What will be the final volume in a vessel containing 40 gallons of water at 62 degrees Fahr. when raised to a temperature of 200 degrees Fahr.?

Solution

In Table XLVIII it will be seen that the comparative volume of water at 62 degrees Fahr. is 1.00101 and at 200 degrees Fahr.

1.03889. Substituting those values in the formula,

V= 40X1.03889=41.51 gallons final volume. Answer.

1.00101

The contraction in bulk of a given quantity of water oc can be found by the formula, V= - as in the former case, q with this difference, however, that the original temperature and volume in this case is the higher one, while the final temperature and volume is the smaller one.