20. Sloyd Knife

A sloyd knife should be made of the finest grade of tool steel, highly tempered, having an extra strong blade with a thick back, and having a handle that fits the hand with an easy grip. A No. 7 sloyd knife with a 2 1/2-inch blade is an excellent knife for bench work, and for knife work.

Fig. 21. Wire gauge.

Fig. 22. Sloyd knife, No. 7.

21. Socket Firmer-Chisel

The socket firmer-chisel is used as a paring tool in making joints, in reducing blocks to desired shapes, and in chamfering. The body of the chisel is made of the best tool steel, properly tempered, and carefully made. The chisel is ground with two bevels on the same side, a broad bevel ground with a grindstone, and a short bevel ground with an oilstone.

Fig. 23. Socket firmer-chisel, a, handle; b, blade; c, shank; dt bevel; e, cutting edge; f, socket.

The handles are made of wood, hickory being the best. Other woods are sometimes used, such as apple wood, dogwood, beech, cherry, rosewood, cocobola, boxwood, mahogany, ebony, lignum-vitse, etc. Most of the fancy woods named are used in making the handles of carving tools. The chisel handle, being made of wood, should not be struck with a hammer, but with a mallet when necessary. Always use wood to drive wood and steel to drive steel. The general run of carpentry and building mechanics prefer the socket handle chisel.

22. Tang Firmer-Chisel

This style of chisel is preferred by joiners, cabinetmakers, pattern makers, and those engaged in the finer class of woodworking. They are better balanced, hang better, and cut nicer than the socket chisels, but are more easily broken. A ferrule handle is used on this style of chisel. The term "firmer" refers to the manner in ,which the tool is made and the material out of which it is made. Firmer-chisels have blades wholly of tool steel, while in some kinds of chisels iron blades overlaid with steel are used. Firmer-chisels should be used in manual training work. They are made in sizes from 1" to 2".

Fig. 24. Tang firmer-chisel. b, blade; c, shank; d, bevel; e, cutting edge; g, tang.

23. Corner Chisel

This chisel, as its name suggests, is used in cutting out corners. Its use in manual training is not very extensive; still, there should be a few of them in every shop equipment.

Fig. 25. Corner chisel, a, handle; b, blade; c, shank; d, bevel; e, cutting edge; f, socket.

24. Gouge

A gouge is used in wood turning, in gouging, and in carving. The blade is curved, giving a curved cutting edge. The shape of the cutting edge is called the sweep, as "regular sweep,""middle sweep," and "flat sweep." A gouge, like a chisel, is made in different sizes and shapes and with either socket or tang handles.

Fig. 26. Tang firmer-gouge.

Fig. 27. Turning chisel.

Fig. 28. Turning gouge.

Fig. 29. Parting tool.

25. Wood-Turning Tools

The cutting tools used in wood turning are the turning chisel, turning gouge, and parting tool. These are made in different sizes.

26. Wood-Carving Tools

There are many sizes and shapes of tools used in wood carving. For names, cuts, and the sweep of each tool see Figs. 30-35. Carving sets may be obtained put up in neat boxes for home use.

Fig. 30. Back bent gouges.

Fig. 31. Front bent gouges.

Fig. 32. Straight gouges.

Fig. 33. Curved gouges.

Front bent chisel.

Right corner chisel.

Left corner chisel.

Carving chisel.

Fig. 34. Skew carving chisel.

Fig. 35. Parting tools.

27. Planes

One of the most important parts of a manual training equipment are the planes. Students as a rule find difficulty in mastering the uses and the adjustments of these tools, and too much emphasis cannot be put upon a proper study of them. They should be properly sharpened, carefully set, and used correctly. Usually, in woodworking outfits, are found a jack plane for rough planing, a fore plane for truing long surfaces, and a smooth plane for planing broad surfaces and end wood; but in manual training work the fore plane, smooth plane, and block plane are used. The planes shown in Figs. 36, 37, and 38 are iron planes, but some woodworkers prefer wood bottom planes, shown in Fig. 39. There are many kinds of planes in use for different purposes. Among these we note the following: smooth, jack, fore, jointer, block, circular, belt maker's, low angle block, rabbet, bull-nose rabbet, core-box, chamfer, scrub, dado, double-end match, beading, piano maker's, etc.

Fig. 36. Fore plane (showing corrugated bottom).

Fig. 37. Smooth place.

Fig. 38. Knuckle joint block plane, showing patent throat adjustment.

Fig. 39. Wood bottom plane.

Sectional elevation of Bailey iron plane.

List Of Parts Of Bailey Flasks

1. Plane iron.

2. Plane iron cap.

3. Plane iron screw.

4. Cap.

5. Cap screw.

6. Frog.

7. "Y" adjustment.

8. Brass adjusting nut.

9. Lateral adjustment.

10. Prop screw.

11. Handle.

12. Knob.

13. Handle " bolt and not".

14. Knob "bolt and nut".

15. Handle screw.

16. Bottom (iron plane).

35. Top casting (wood plane).

36. Bottom (wood plane).

Fig. 40. Sectional elevation of Bailey wood plane.

Parts of Bailey planes.

Fig. 41. Stanley patent universal plane.

As a chamfer plane.

This plane comprises a plow, dado, rabbet, beading, reeding, fluting, round, hollow, sash, match, filletster, slitting, chamfer, and general mould-tool, is easily adjusted, and can be used for a great variety of work.

By means of the patent adjustable bottom and the auxiliary center bottom it is possible to use a cutter of practically any shape with this plane. The directions which accompany each tool are readily understood. The plane is nickel-platcd and has 52 cutters.

As a moulding plane.

Fig. 42. Cutters for Stanley universal plane.

28. Spokeshave

This is a very useful tool in a bench equipment. It is used in making handles and in working on curved surfaces. Spokeshaves differing in shape (convex or concave) are made for convex and concave cutting. These shaves are especially useful to stair builders, pattern makers, and carriage makers. The spokeshave should never be used for doing work that can be done with a plane.

Fig. 43. Spokeshave. a, handle; b, blade; c.set screw; d. cap iron.

29. Metal Snips

Metal snips are used in cutting sheet metals. They are indispensable in bent iron and sheet metal work. Snips are made in different sizes There are many kinds of snips which are used for various purposes.

Fig. 44. Metal snips.