JUAREZ

981

JULIUS II

His story is supposed to have suggested Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. The island was discovered in 158,5 by a Spaniard whose name it bears. There is a small Swiss colony.

Juarez (hâó-ă'răs), Benito, a president of the Mexican republic, was born in Oaxaca of Indian parents in 1806. He became governor of his native state and an active member of the Liberal party. When Santa Anna was dictator, he was exiled, but returned to Mexico when the republic was restored. In 1858, when the Liberal president was overthrown, Juarez was president of the supreme court, which is equivalent to vice-president. He at once took the government into his own hands, but was forced to fall back to Vera Cruz, where his government was recognized by the United States in 1859. In 1861 he was able to enter the capital, and was chosen president for four years. In the same year the allied forces of England, France and Spain occupied Vera Cruz. But the French alone remained and declared war against Juarez. Maximilian's brief reign came to an end in 1867, when he was shot by order of court-martial, and Juarez once more entered Mexico and was chosen president for a second term. In 1871 he was re-elected. Risings and rebellions were almost endless, but he faced all his foes with the dogged courage of his race, and was still triumphant when he died on July 18, 1872. The present prosperity of Mexico is in large measure due to Benito Juarez.

Ju'dah was the fourth son of Jacob and founder of the greatest and most populous of the twelve tribes, to which belonged the royal house of David. For history of the tribe see Jews.

Ju'das, the betrayer of Jesus and named Iscariot, probably was a native of Kerioth in Judah and, if so, the only southerner among the twelve disciples. See the Gospels, the Lives of Jesus by Neander, Farrar and Edersheim and the essay by De Quincey.

Jud'son, Adoniram, one of the earliest American missionaries, was born at Maiden, Mass., Aug. 9, 1788. He, with Mills, Newell and Nott, applied to the Congregational association of Massachusetts for aid in carrying the Gospel to the heathen. This resulted in the formation of the American Board, and in 1812 Judson sailed for India. It was nearly a year before the missionaries were allowed to begin work in Burma, preaching, writing and translating. In 1833 he completed the translation of the Bible, and followed it by the publication of the Burmese dictionary. He made two visits to the United States, being received with great enthusiasm by the churches. His union with the Baptist denomination, soon after reaching Burma, was the occasion of the origin of, the American Baptist Missionary Union. Judson died at sea, on his

way to Mauritius in search of health, on April 12, 1850. See Life by Wayland, that by Judson and History of the Burmese Mission by Mrs. Judson.

Ju'dy. See Punch.

Juggernaut (jŭg'ĕr-nat), a sacred town of India, containing the temple of the Hindu god Juggernaut, whose name means Lord of the World. The god is first mentioned in 318 B. C. The grounds include 120 temples, the chief one having a tower 192 feet in height. There are 24 festivals annually held in his honor. The great festival is when the god is dragged on his car, 45 feet high and 35 feet square, with 16 wheels, each seven feet in diameter. He is taken to his country house, and, though the distance is only a mile, the great weight and the heavy sands make the journey one of several days. It was thought formerly that the worshipers threw themselves under the chariot wheels as a sacrifice to the god, but probably the deaths occurred from accident. The word, however, has become fixed in our language to represent that which marches on, riding over everything in its way. See Orissa (in Bengal) by Sir W. W. Hunter.

Jul'ian, called the Apostate, because of his giving up Christianity. Born at Constantinople in 331 and half-brother of Con-stantine the Great, he became Roman emperor from 3Ŏ1 to 363 A. D. His boyhood was embittered by a terrible tragedy. He was bred a Christian, studied philosophy and literature, and at Athens embraced paganism. About 355 he showed himself a good soldier. He overthrew the Ala-manni, conquered the Frankish tribes along the Rhine and made his winter-quarters at Paris. The people liked him because he lightened their burdens; the soldiers, because of his courage, success in war and simple private life. In 360 Emperor Con-stantine became alarmed at his popularity, and ordered him to send some of his best troops against the Persians. His soldiers rose and proclaimed him emperor. His cousin's death opened the government of the world to Julian. He reformed the civil service, persecuted neither Christians nor Jews, but reopened the old temples and tried (with poor success) to bring back the old religion. In 363 he marched against Persia, but was wounded. An old writer asserts that he cried: "Thou hast conquered, O Galilean!" which, whether he said it or not, was the fact. He died June 26, 363. See G. H. Rendall's The Emperor Julian; Ibsen's Emperor and Galilean; and Gibbon's Rome.

Jul'ius, the name of three popes.

Jul'ius II, a nephew of Sixtus IV, was born at Albezuola, Italy, in 1443. He became pope in 1503. His whole career was given to reestablishing the papal power over the territory it had once had and to driv-