The principal portion of the shaping to be now treated, is effected with shaping-machines, slotting-machines, and in a few cases with planing-machines. The production of surfaces which are curved, but are not completely circular, is also here described. Shaping of this class, is that which may be specially termed, shaping, because it is not done with lathes, nor with planing-machines but with those machines termed, universal shaping-machines. But, previous to introducing such machines and their processes, it is necessary to detail a few of the methods which are adopted for shaping without the aid of proper apparatus, such shaping being termed hand-shaping.

Although we now have a variety of machines, small and large, for producing curves and planes on objects of various shapes, however irregular they may be, a great quantity of shaping is also at the present time performed by hand; therefore, such operations must be noticed. Hand-shaping is that which is done by chiselling and filing, with the aid occasionally of drilling; and is resorted to by machinists of all classes, at certain times, in cases of emergency, sudden breakage, requirements on board ship, and in foreign countries. Hand-shaping is also adopted by numerous makers of small machinery, to avoid the expense of special shaping-apparatus.

In conjunction with the operations for hand-shaping, and also with those for machine-shaping, methods of lining must be given, because lines will indicate boundaries belonging to surfaces of all forms. And it will be perceived that in this chapter, the lining is required to indicate boundaries of hidden curves; in addition to indicating the boundaries of planes. Concerning this subject, refer also to pages 205 and 206.

All shaping of objects which is effected by removing portions of them while cold, without altering their internal shapes, may be termed, paring ; in distinction to the shaping of objects by forging, which may be named, pressing, (see page 102). Machines which effect these paring operations are, consequently, paring-machines, and include shaping-machines, slotting-machines, planing-machines, drilling-machines, and lathes. For hand-shaping, the paring implements required, are vices, chisels, hammers, files, and templates.