The Teacher's Hand-Book Of Slojd | by Otto Salomon
As practised and taught at naas containing explanations and details of each exercise. With practical directions for making the models.
Title | The Teacher's Hand-Book Of Slojd |
Author | Otto Salomon |
Publisher | Silver, Burdett & Co. |
Year | 1892 |
Copyright | 1892, Silver, Burdett & Co. |
Amazon | The Teacher's Hand-Book Of Slojd |
Published under the auspices of the SLOJD ASSOCIATION.
By Otto Salomon, Director Of The Nads Seminarium. Assisted By Carl Nordendahl And Alfred Johansson.
Translated And Adapted For English Teachers By Mary R. Walker, And William Nelson, St. George's Training College, Edinburgh, Of The Manchester Schools For The Deaf And Dumb.
With Over 130 Illustrations And Plates.
- Preface To The Swedish Edition
- A desire has for some time been expressed in various quarters for a Hand-Book of Slojd, written from the educational point of view. There have been many indications, especially in connection with Sloj...
- Translators' Preface
- This Hand-book was written originally for Swedish people, and in accordance with the conditions which prevail in Swedish schools; but the presence of a large body of English teachers at the Autumn Slo...
- First Chapter. Introductory Remarks. Educational Slojd
- By educational slojd is meant the application of slojd to educational purposes. Slojd is not to be confounded with the work of the artisan - a mistake which may easily happen if the distinction is not...
- First Chapter. Introductory Remarks. Educational Slojd. Part 2
- Technical dexterity. The artisan as a teacher of Stijd. But the truth here, as in so many other cases, lies between the two extremes. It is as hurtful to under-estimate technical skill as it is ...
- First Chapter. Introductory Remarks. Educational Slojd. Part 3
- In some schools where slojd is taught we find turning and wood-carving as well as slbjd-carpentry. This, however, is not so common now as it was a few years ago. People seem to be coming more and more...
- First Chapter. Introductory Remarks. Educational Slojd. Part 4
- Method of teaching the exercises. There are, however, other fundamental principles which must be adhered to in arranging a series of models in such a way that the exercises involved shall follow ea...
- First Chapter. Introductory Remarks. Educational Slojd. Part 5
- Self-reliance. In order to develop the habit of accuracy in the pupil by means of slojd, it is essential that he should make his model as nearly as possible an exact likeness of his pattern, or - w...
- First Chapter. Introductory Remarks. Educational Slojd. Part 6
- The age of the pupiit. * On certain occasions it is advantageous to demand the attention of all the pupils at one time, e.g., when the teacher wishes to explain the properties of a tool and the met...
- First Chapter. Introductory Remarks. Educational Slojd. Part 7
- The Walls. - To prevent injury to the walls they should be lined with wood, or at all events with a tolerably high Avains-cotting. The doors and the window-frames should be painted, but the walls need...
- First Chapter. Introductory Remarks. Educational Slojd. Part 8
- The position and mioveinents of the body. - The worker should assume a position, in relation to his work, which enables the muscles of his arms to have free play in the most favourable direction for i...
- Chapter II. Wood, Or Timber
- The material generally used in slojd-teaching, and most suitable for the purpose, is wood or timber. Intelligent knowledge of the material used is as essential to the teacher as acquaintance with t...
- A. The Structure And Composition Of Wood
- Wood or timber forms the greater part of the stems and branches of trees and shrubs. To examine the inner structure of a tree-stem, a section may be made at right angles to the direction of its len...
- A. The Structure And Composition Of Wood. Continued
- Fig. 2. - Showing manner of growth in needle - leaved trees. * The terms needle-leaved trees and broad-leaved trees used throughout this book may be taken as practically synonymous with Conifer...
- B. The Changes Which Wood Undergoes
- The changes to which wood is subject are partly mechanical in their nature, consisting of alterations in the water capacity, and consequent alterations in shape; partly chemical, caused chiefly by the...
- II. Means Of Preventing Timber Cracks And Warping
- The means taken to keep timber as far as possible from cracking or warping during the process of seasoning, are very various. They are partly connected with the treatment of the wood when it is cut up...
- III. The Decay Of Timber
- After vital action ceases in a tree, its substance, like that of other organic bodies, undergoes a process of decomposition, which sooner or later terminates in the total decay of the wood. Decay take...
- C. Different Kinds Of Wood. I. Comparison Of The Qualities Of Different Kinds Of Wood
- The chief qualities of timber are: - strength, the ease or difficulty with which it is split, hardness, toughness, elasticity, texture, colour and smell, weight, durability, and its capacity for shrin...
- Comparison Of The Qualities Of Different Kinds Of Wood. Continued
- The following timbers are elastic: elm, ash, aspen, oak, spruce fir, birch, maple, and poplar. Hornbeam, alder, and Scotch fir are less elastic. 5. The texture, colour and smell of timber. Knowl...
- II. Characteristics Of Different Kinds Of Trees
- Here follows an enumeration of the different kinds of wood which are available for slojd work, together with a condensed statement of their properties, in order that, as far as is possible in a brief ...
- II. Characteristics Of Different Kinds Of Trees. Continued
- The common beech (Fagus sylvatica). - The wood in the young tree is light brown; old wood is very dark. The medullary rays are large, glossy, and dark brown, and the general colour of the wood is unif...
- Chapter III. Tools
- A. Choice Of Tools The tools used in slojd teaching must be chosen with due regard to the pupil's capacity. They ought to be neither too large nor too heavy, but such as can be easily handled. It m...
- B. Appliances For Holding The Work
- 1. The bench is the article most frequently used for holding the work steady during its execution. It is the most indispensable part of the apparatus required for slojd. Fig. 5. Bench. 1I20. ...
- II. Handscrews
- Handscrews are used to secure the work to the bench, and to hold several pieces of work fast while a drawing is being made or while glue is drying. The bench itself, when not otherwise engaged, may be...
- C. Setting Out
- It is often necessary for accurate workmanship to draw or mark the outlines of the pattern object on the wood, at various stages of the work. This is done by tracing round the outline of the model, by...
- I. The Metre-Measure
- Fig. 17. Iron Handscrew, or Thumbscrew cramp. 1/6. Pig. 18. Folding Metre-measure. 1/2. II. In drawing straight lines use is made of an ordinary ruler and a lead pencil, but when great a...
- IV. Compasses
- 1. The compass generally used in slojd is a simple one made of steel with a hinge. As it is often necessary to maintain the distance between the arms unaltered, this compass is provided with a bow, wh...
- V. Squares And Bevels
- Squares are used for testing right angles, bevels for testing angles of various sizes. Fig. 26. Caliper Compasses. &. The Square consists of a short thick piece called the stock, with a ...
- D. Tools Used For Cutting Up Wood And Making The Articles. I. Saws
- The saw is an indispensable tool, and in the case of most articles it is the first used. The blade is made of thin steel of various breadths, on one edge of which a series of sharp points form the tee...
- D. Tools Used For Cutting Up Wood And Making The Articles. I. Saws. Part 2
- Setting tongs. Less setting is also necessary in the case of saw-blades which increase in thickness towards the teeth. These are made in the best manufactories, and are always preferable to blades ...
- D. Tools Used For Cutting Up Wood And Making The Articles. I. Saws. Part 3
- Bow-saw. a stretcher, bb side-arms, c blade. d tightener, e string. f end of blade with attachment. g handle. 1/12. The side-arms are connected at the other end by several strands of stron...
- II. The Axe
- After the saw the axe is one of the most useful tools in the earlier stages of any piece of work. Axes are of various kinds, manufactured for different purposes. An axe of American construction, very ...
- III. The Knife
- The knife is the slojder's indispensable and most important tool, and it is the first to be placed in the hands of a beginner. It is therefore important to select for slojd suitable knives of the best...
- IV. - The Draw-Knife
- This consists of a steel blade with an edge formed by grinding on one side only. This blade is furnished at both ends with handles, at right angles to it, and in the same plane. The tool is worked wit...
- V. - Chisels, Gouges, Carving Tools, &C
- These terms include a whole group of tools which are used in wood-slojd for the removal of small pieces of wood, in cases where the knife, the saw, or the plane could not advantageously be used. Th...
- VI. Planes
- The edge tools hitherto described consist of a single steel blade, with a cutting edge of various descriptions, and a handle for one or both hands. The inclination of the edge to the surface of the wo...
- VI. Planes. Part 2
- To put on the cover. Fig. 55. Plane Iron. A seen from the front 1/4. B seen from the side 1/1, a iron, b cover. In planes like the smoothing-plane and the trying-plane, where the iron ...
- VI. Planes. Part 3
- Grinding the plane-iron. The trying-plane should always be worked in the direction of its length, not obliquely to it, as is often improperly done. The trying-plane should be about 20 inches lon...
- VII. Files
- The files used in wood-slbjd are the same as those used in metal work. The file plays, however, a much less important part in the former than in the latter. In wood-slojd it is used chiefly to smooth ...
- VIII. Methods Of Finishing Work. 1. The Scraper
- This tool consists of a highly-tempered piece of steel (Fig. 69). The edges of the scraper are generally straight, but sometimes the ends are rounded or hollowed to suit concave or convex surfaces....
- 2. Sand-Paper
- Sand-paper is made of paper with a coating of finely-ground flint, glass, or quartz glued on to it. The grains on the same paper are always of the same size, and, according to the finer or coarser qua...
- IX. Brace and Bits
- Bits of different kinds are used in making round holes. Bits for wood are made of a special kind of steel, one end of which forms the cutting portion of the tool, and the other is wedge-shaped, that i...
- 2. The Centre-bit
- 1. The ordinary centre-bit (Fig. 72, B, and 73, B) has a flat blade, the lower portion of which is broader than the upper, as is shown in the illustrations. In the middle of the lower edge is the cent...
- X. The Mallet, The Hammer, The Hand Vice, Pincers, And Screwdriver
- The Mallet (Fig. 76) is made of hard, strong wood, preferably of figured beech. It is used for striking tools with wooden handles, because the hard hammer in such cases would not only do damage, but w...
- E. The Grinding And Sharpening Of Tools
- Work must never be done with blunt or badly-set tools. Tools must always be kept sharp and in good order. These rules should always be kept in mind. Many a slojder toils in the sweat of his brow wi...
- Chapter IV. Jointing. A. Glueing
- Different parts of articles are connected or jointed partly by glue, nails, or screws, and partly by the special adaption of the parts themselves, as in mortising and dove-tailing. The simplest way...
- B. Nailing
- Sprigs of different lengths and thicknesses are generally used for nailing together slojd-work, but for large or heavy articles cut or beat nails are employed, because their uneven surface is more ten...
- C. Screwing Together
- Wood-screws, i.e., metal screws with thin, deep, sharp-edged tap-worms, are used for screw-joints. Screws which are gimlet-pointed penetrate the wood more easily than others. The wood-screws used i...
- D. Jointing By Means Of The Formation Of The Parts Of The Joint
- The names only of the various kinds of jointing of this nature are given below. A description will be found in Chapter V. 1. Halving. 2....
- D. Jointing By Means Of The Formation Of The Parts Of The Joint. Continued
- Plate XI. Tool Section through a-b. Plan of side elevation of door. The Table given below represents a systematically arranged Series of Models (the High School Series). The numbers i...
- Lists Of Tools Required For Different Numbers Of Pupils
- A. List Of Tools Required For One Pupil 1 Shooting-board. 2 Handscrews. 1 Metre-measure or Rule. 1 Marking-point. 1 Marking-gauge. 1 Cutting-gauge. 1 pair of Compasses. 1 Squar...