39. It would be impossible to classify all the various species of bad junctions, and therefore the following list is not to be considered as exhaustive or complete.

40. (a.) One class of bad junctions may be called "patched joinings," in making which the writer, in order to accomplish the junction, lifts the pen and replaces it. in this way some young stenographers undertake to write such phrases as do not care

gave them

41. (b.) Bad junctions of another class occur when a full-length and a half-length stroke are run together without a distinct point of junction, so that there is nothing to show where one stroke ends and the other begins, the effect of which is that the characters as intended to be written are not easily recognized. Illustrations: might

know,

right after

42. (c.) But it must not be assumed that the joining of a full-length and a half-length stroke without an angle is always objectionable. Such phrases as so that are allowable, because they come under the rule (applicable to phrases as well as individual words) that a heavy half-length curved stroke may follow a light full-length, straight or curved, without an angle, as in the words feared and named.

43. (d.) Another class of bad junctions comprises those in which a tick vowel-sign is allowed to glide into or merge with the adjoining character, without any distinct point of junction, as in the phrase of opinion

44. (e.) In other cases an attempt is made to join the final hook of one word and the initial hook of another.

Illustrations: again call

in whichever direction

It should be remembered as a rule without exception, that a hook cannot join a hook, unless both be made in the same direction, as in the word ranger

45. (f.) In another objectionable class of phrases, two consonant strokes are brought together which cannot be joined without special effort, because the junction is nonangular or obtusely angular, as, which they

regular order

from which

46. (g.) Again, a bad phrase results where a hook at the beginning or the end of a word joins imperfectly with the adjacent stroke, as in the phrase we are told

47. In such methods as those just enumerated, the young writer sometimes undertakes to force a junction by special effort, the result being characters which offend the eye and cause loss of time.