1st. Courage displayed in jumping into the water from a height to recover an object. The effigy of a man is the most suitable thing.

2nd. The quickness displayed in bringing the object ashore.

3rd. Intelligence and speed in bringing a boat to shore - the boat must, of course, be adrift, and the painter have a piece of white wood attached to keep it afloat, mark its position, and facilitate the dog's work.

4th. To carry a rope from shore to a boat with a stranger, not the master, in it.

5th. Swimming races, to show speed and power against stream or tide.

6th. Diving. A common flag-basket, with a stone in the bottom of it, to sink it, answers well, as it is white enough to be seen, and soft enough to the dog's mouth.

In the early days of the Newfoundland the dog was met with in colours other than black and white-and-black, and not only that, but prizes were awarded to livers and bronzes. To-day the two varieties most sought are the Black and the White-and-black (Figs. 27 and 28). The latter has been immortalised by Landseer in his world-famous picture of "A Distinguished Member of the Humane Society," though it must be confessed that the dog taken as a model would certainly not pass muster in the present day, the coat, to go no further, being of the curly order, instead of flat, as the Club's description requires. The White-and-black has not progressed so rapidly as the Black, except perhaps in the south, where it has made great strides, though neither may be said to be popular in the strictest sense of that term. This, however, is due rather to Fashion's vagaries than to any shortcomings on the part of the variety. The first year of the twentieth century certainly shows an improvement as compared with the declining years of the nineteenth. Coats generally are alike better as to texture and arrangement, and what in the case of the show dog of old had largely to be done by resorting to little tricks has been remedied to a very great extent by the breeder. Eyes, again, are darker in colour, much better placed, and smaller in size than once they were, and as it is the eyes that are largely responsible for the expression so noticeable in the Newfoundland, the improvement in the directions stated are not without their value upon the breed.

Allusion has already been made to size, and the value set upon it so long as it is obtained without the loss of quality. And here, also, the present-day dog scores over those of a decade ago. The improvement shown in the White-and-black dogs continues, as breeders have recognised that if these are to equal in type the best of the Blacks, the finest specimens of both will have to be "worked." The old-time breeder, in his anxiety to obtain a big dog, often only succeeded in producing a long-legged, weak-faced, slab-sided, straight-behind monstrosity, and not a typical Newfoundland. The defects just mentioned must be carefully guarded against when breeding, as also must light eyes and badly carried and twisted tails. Faults of any kind are always easier of perpetuation than they are of eradication.

No really practical purpose is to be served by enumerating the many good dogs that have been produced since the publication of pedigrees. These may be learned by a careful study of the Kennel Club Stud Book. It may, however, be remarked that of the older dogs some of the more renowned, and that have become pillars of the Stud Book, are: Nelson I., Courtier, Thora I. and Thora II., Mrs. Cunliffe Lee's Nep, Leo, Lion, Lady Mayoress, Lord Nelson, Lady-in-Waiting, Merry Maiden, Triumph, Hanlon, etc. And for a strain of Blacks those associated with either Courtier or Nelson would be difficult to beat. Of the White-and-black, or Landseer variety, as Dr. Gordon Stables named it, Dick, Prince Charlie, Bonnie Swell, Bonnie Maid, Rosebud, His Nibs (Fig. 27), Kettering Wonder, are but a few that occur. As an excellent example of the Courtier type of dog Wolf of Badenoch (Fig. 28) may be cited.

Fig. 28. - Mrs. Ingleton's Black Newfoundland Wolf of Badenoch.

The Newfoundland does not call for any special treatment by way of show preparation, except perhaps in the grooming. Novices sometimes err in respect of this latter by parting the hair. This should never take place: the dog should be brushed and combed from head to tail. Though, as stated by Mr. Lort, it is not uncommon to find a sort of rustiness of hue in many Black Newfoundlands, and these too of the best, yet this must not be confused with the all-brown specimens sometimes occurring in litters. The Newfoundland, like all the giants of the canine-race, takes some two years and more to build up its massive frame, and this must be duly borne in mind. Meat should oftener enter into the dietary than is the case with the smaller varieties, though when using this for young puppies, it should be of such a kind that it is readily assimilated. For that reason such meat as well-cooked tripe or paunch will be found the best for the puppies until such times as the permanent teeth commence to be erupted. Exercise for heavy breeds should be of the walking kind, and as soon as the feet are hard enough upon the roads. No puppy should be chained to a kennel. If this takes place while the bones are at all soft, the heavy frame tugging at a chain will soon pull out of shape the most promising of puppies. In selecting a young puppy - say one at six months old, a most useful age to commence with - the head properties should be the chief criterion. If there is not abundant promise of a massive head at the age named, it may be taken for granted that such a puppy is not likely to finish well. A Newfoundland should also show early in life promise of plenty of bone; dark eyes, straight forelegs, and a dense flat coat must also be found on a puppy of promise. Tail-carriage in any puppy must not be too seriously regarded until after the period of dentition is complete. Many puppies carry both tails and ears irregularly while teething.