This section is from the "Architectural Pottery" book, by Leon Lefevre. Also see Amazon: Architectural Pottery.
When the clays contain small impurities such as limestone, lumps of hard clay, etc., it is important that they should be mixed to avoid accidents in baking. As pugging would be insufficient to remove them, the pug-mill is fitted with a pair of cylinders whose function is to crush these bodies. Fig. 75 shows a machine of this kind.
Fig. 75. Vertical Pug-mill with Crushing Cylinders (Pinette).
The cylinders and the pug-mill are worked separately; the latter is moved from below, and does not differ from an ordinary pug-mill. The clay having been introduced by the hopper above, is crushed by the cylinders and falls into the pug-mill, whence it issues by the lower door.
The two crushers are placed over the entrance to the pug-mill; they may be cylindrical (Fig. 76) or conical (Fig. 77), and arc driven from the belt-wheel of the pug-mill by means of intermediary cog-wheels, or are worked separately (Fig. 77).
Fig. 77. Horizontal Pug-mill with Crushing Cones.(Jager).
These are placed one over the other, the use of the first pair being especially to crush and divide the masses of clay, to break up the little hard bodies, and thus to facilitate rolling by the second pair of cylinders.
Fig. 78. Cone Rolling Machine with Dividing Apparatus above (Jager).
When it is required to split up the clay, the rolling machine is surmounted by a special apparatus consisting of curved blades fixed to two shafts turned in opposite directions. These blades pass through the intervals of a kind of comb fixed to the sides of the machine. The clay, having been thrown from above on to a doubly inclined plate, spreads between the blade and the comb, and being drawn down by the rotation, is split up while passing through the hollows and falls between the cones of the roller (Fig. 78).
If the clays contain large lumps, crushing cylinders with points (Fig. 79) are used.
The double roller represented in Fig. 80 has a pair of fluted cones and a pair of cylinders.
The position of these may be inverted, as in the double roller of Fig. 81, which comprises a pair of cones and another pair of cylinders.
Finally, above the Dumont granulating cylinders are placed crushing cylinders to break up the hard lumps in the clay (Fig. 82).
ROLLING MACHINES. | |||||||||||
Maker | No. | Rollers. | Pulleys, | Turns. | Weight. | Horsepower. | Output. | Price. | Remarks. | ||
Length. | Diam. | Frs. | |||||||||
Jacobi (Fig. 69) . | 2 | 0.35 | 0.35 | O.60-O.I4 | 700 | 2 | 1800 | 628 | |||
4 | 0.35 | O.5O | O.60-O.I4 | I700 | 4 | 300O | 1285 | ||||
6 | 0.45 | O.7O | 0.70-0.20 | þ þ • | 3500 | 6 | 50OO | 2028 | |||
Jager (Fig. 71) . | 1 | 0.40 | O.50 | O.75-O.15 | 130 | 1600 | 2-3 | 8000-1200 | 1280 | The rollers are conical, and the diameter shown is that of the broader end. | |
2 | 0.50 | O.55 | O.9O-O. 15 | I50 | 2300 | 4-5 | I500-2400 | 1780 | |||
4 | 0.60 | O.87 | I.20-0.22 | I40 | 4700 | 6-8 | 300O-4500 | 3000 | |||
Groke (Fig. 72) . | I0 | 0.47 | O.65-O.I3 | 150 | 1520 | 1-2 | • • a | 1800 | Fluted rollers | | A reduction of 25 per cent, is made on catalogue prices. | |
11 | 0.47 | • þ • | O.7O-O.I3 | 150 | I930 | 2-3 | • • • | 1920 | " " | ||
12 | 0.55 | • • | O.9O-O. 13 | 150 | 2600 | 3-4 | • • þ | 2820 | " " | ||
Boulet (Fig. 73) . | • þ • | •. • | . • . | I.OO-O.II | l80 | 1500 | 3 | 7OO-900 | • • | " " | |
Lacroix (Fig. 74) | • • • • | 0.25 | O.7O | 1. 20--0. 11 | IOO | 2000 | 5 | I500-2000 | 2800 | Perforated cylinders. | |
ROLLING MACHINE WITH VERTICAL PUG-MILU | |||||||||||
Pinette (Fig. 75) | • • * þ | , | ... | 0.88-0.12 | 82 | I500 | 2 | ... | 1860 | þ | |
ROLLING MACHINE WITH HORIZONTAL PUG-MILL. | |||||||||||
Cone-pulleys. | Number of Turns. | ||||||||||
Jager (Fig. 77) . | 1 | O.64-O.I2 | I20 | 2000 | 3 4 | 4OO-5OO | 1900 | O.64-O.I2 | I30 | ||
2 | ... | .. • | O.64-O.I3 | I40 | 330O | 6-8 | 80O-I200 | 2780 | O.64-O.I3 | I4O | |
3 | ... | þ •. | 0.75-0.15 | I5O | 4500 | 9-12 | I8OO-25OO | 4000 | 0.73-0.I5 | I50 | |
Whitehead (Fig. 76) | • • • þ | ... | þ • • | • » • | 3200 | 8 | IOOO-I2O0 | 2178 | Cylindrical rollers | ||
DOUBLE ROLLERS. | |||||||||||
Boulet (Fig. 80) . | • þ þ • | ... | ... | I.OO-O.II | I50 | 3300 | 5 | I5OO-I8OO | • • | Upper rollers conical and fluted, lower rollers cylindrical. | |
Jager (Fig. 79) . | I | 0.40 | O.4I | 0.75-0.15 | 100 | 3200 | •4-5 | 8OO-I2OO | 2800 | Upper rollers cylindrical and with points, lower conical. | |
125 | |||||||||||
2 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.90 0.15 | IOO | 5400 | 6-7 | I5OO-24OO | 8780 | |||
150 | |||||||||||
3 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.90-0.18 | 115 | 70OO | 8-10 | 2000-3000 | 4780 | |||
150 | |||||||||||
4 | 0.60 | 0.72 | I.OO-0.20 | no | 9500 | 10-13 | 3OOO-45OO | 6100 | |||
11.20-0.22 | 140 | ||||||||||
Lacroix (Fig. 82) | • • • | « • • | • • | I.0O-O.1 1 | 150 | 3300 | 5-6 | I500-l8O0 | 8600 | Upper rollers cylindrical, lower per-forated. |
MIXING MILLS. | |||||||||||
Boulet et Cie (Fig. 21) | Ordi nary | .. | 0.75-0.11 | 110-I20 | 1000 | I | 3 cub. metres | • • | The output of mixing mills varies wit the moisture of the clay. | ||
Biconical | ... | 1.00-0.11 | I50 | 1100 | 2 | 5-6 cm. | • • • | ||||
Lacroix (Fig. 20) | • | ... | 1.00-0.11 | 150 | 1100 | I | 3 cm. | 1000 | |||
Pinette (Fig. 19). | .. | ... | ... | 0.80-0.12 | 160 | 1000 | 2 | 2 cm. | 1260 | ||
CRUSHING CYLINDERS. | |||||||||||
Boulet et Cie (Fig. 28) | • • þ | O.7O | 1.20-0.15 | 90 | 3500 | 4-5 | 2 to 3 cm. | The bricks are taken as having dimensions 0.22 x 0.11 x 0.06. | |||
Joly(Fig. 29) . | • • • | • • • | • • | • | • • | 1400 | • • | • • | 1500 | ||
Johnson (Fig. 30) | • • • | • • • | 0.90-0.16 | 120 | 5000 | 6 | 2500 bricks. | 2000 | |||
Whitehead (Fig. 32) | I | O.5O | O.5O | ... | • • | 2800 | 3 | • þ • | 1400 | ||
2 | O.60 | 0.60 | ... | ... | 4000 | 4 | • * þ | 1975 | |||
CRUSHING MILLS. | |||||||||||
Grindstones. | Pulleys | Output per hour. | |||||||||
Diam. | length. | Dimension. | Turns. | ||||||||
Jannot (Fig. 33). | I | I.50 | • • • | O.80-O.IO | 72 | 2,100 | 2-3 | • • | 1500 | These prices do not include packing, which varies from 30 to 50 francs. | |
2 | I.85 | • • | I.OO-0.12 | 66 | 3.400 | 3-4 | • • | 2200 | |||
Luce (Fig. 34) . | • • • | • • | ... | ... | • • • | • • | ... | 1200 to | Are made with one or two grindstones. | ||
1900 frs. | |||||||||||
Groke (Fig. 35) . | 12 | I.OO | O.25 | O.75-O.I5 | 100 | 5.800 | 4 | 400 kilos | 4,500 | Weight of one grindstone, 900 k. | Reduction of as on these prices. |
13 | I.20 | O.30 | I.20-0. l6 | 80 | 10,300 | 6-8 | 600 ,, | 6,800 | " 1950 | ||
14 | I.50 | O.4O | I.40-O.18 | 75 | 15.650 | 10-12 | 1500 ,, | 10,000 | " 3000 | ||
15 | I.80 | O.50 | I.60-O.2O | 60 | 21,200 | 12-15 | 2200 ,, | 13,750 | " 5000 | ||
Jager (Fig. 39) . | I | 1.00 | O.30 | I.OO-O. l8 | 100 | 5.400 | 5 | 750 " | 3,625 | "1100 | |
2 | I.20 | 0.35 | I.20-0.20 | 100 | 7,800 | 9 | 1000 ,, | 4,875 | ,, ,, ,, 2000 | ||
3 | I.50 | 0.43 | 1.20-0.22 | 100 | 15.000 | 12 | 1500 „ | 7,500 | " 3500 | ||
Johnson (Fig. 36) | • • • | ... | ... | I.20-0. l6 | 136 | 17,200 | 10 | 2000 bricks. | 5,500 | ||
Whitehead (Fig. 37) | O.9I | 0.30 | O.9I-0.15 | 132 | 7,000 | 5 | • • • | 2,500 | Packing extra, from 30 to 120 frs. | ||
... | 1.27 | 0.30 | I.06-0.15 | 120 | 10,600 | 0 | • . • | 3,750 | |||
... | 1.62 | 0.38 | I.22-0.15 | 108 | 12,200 | 8 | • • • | 4,625 | |||
Whittaker(Fig. 38) | .... | I.4O | 0.40 | I.20-0.15 | 160 | 18,300 | 3 | ... | 5,350 | Weight of one grindstone, 2300 kil. |
UNIVERSAL CRUSHERS. | ||||||||||||
Maker. | No. | Cages. | Dimensions of Pulleys. | No. of Turns. | Weight. | Horse-power. | Output. | Price. | Remarks. | |||
Diam. | Length. | |||||||||||
Groke (Fig. 43) . | 1 | O.60 | • • • | O.3O-O.15 | 950 | 9OO | 6 | 600 kil. | 1060 | These machines are fitted with four cages. | ||
3 | I.OO | ... | O.4O-O.I9 | 600 | 245O | 15 | 3.500 " | 2485 | ||||
5 | I.20 | • • | O.50-O.22 | 500 | 3500 | 25 | 9,000 " | 3175 | A reduction of 25 per cent, is made on these prices. | |||
6 | 1.50 | • • • | O.60-O.25 | 4OO | 5300 | 35 , | 15,000 " | 4325 | ||||
Jager (Fig. 42) . | 1 | O.60 | ... | 0.22-0.12 | 900 | IOOO | 3 | 800 " | 1185 | The addition of two cages costs about 180 to 680 frs. | ||
3 | I.OO | • . • | 0.25-0.20 | 85O | 250O | 10 | 4,000 " | 2810 | ||||
4 | I.25 | • • • | O.3O-O.2O | 650 | 4OOO | 14 | 9,000 " | 4250 | ||||
5 | I.50 | • • • | O. 50 -O. 26 | 450 | 5000 | 25 | 15,000 " | 5250 | ||||
I. Simple. | ||||||||||||
Bricks. | ||||||||||||
Boulct (Fig. 48) . | .. | ... | • .. | I. OO-0.15 | 100 | 25OO | 3-4 | ... | .. | Reduction of 25 per cent, on these prices. | ||
Jager (Fig. 46) . | 0 | • • • | O.64-O. II | IOO | 750 | 3-4 | 800-IOOO | 750 | ||||
I | • • | • • | O.64-O.I2 | IOO | IOOO | 4-5 | 1000-1500 | 1000 | ||||
2 | • • | O.75-O.I5 | IOO | 1300 | 5-6 | 1800-2500 | 1200 | |||||
3 | • • • | . . . | O.9O-O.I5 | IOO | 1600 | 6-7 | 3000-4000 | 1450 | ||||
Johnson (Fig. 47) | • .. | • • | O.76-O.16 | 120 | 1520 | 2 | 2000 | 775 | ||||
Groke (Fig. 45) . | 1 | • • | • | O.80-O.I5 | 130 | 1600 | 3-4 | I200-1500 | 1405 | |||
2 | • .. | • • • | 0.09- O.I7 | 130 | 2IOO | 4-6 | 1800-2500 | 1685 | ||||
3 | .. • | .. • | 1.10-0.18 | 130 | 3100 | 6-8 | 3000-4000 | 2310 | ||||
Whittaker (Fig. 44) | .. | • .. | ... | O.60-O.IO | ... | ... | 2-3 | ... | 835 | |||
2. With rollers. | ||||||||||||
Turns. | ||||||||||||
Jager (Fig. 50) . | 1 | O.4O | O.4I | O.64-O.I2 | IOO | 4,000 | 7-9 | 800-1200 | 3250 | Pulleys of cylinders. | I. 0.90x0.15. | 130 |
2 | O.5O | 0.55 | O.75-O.I5 | IOO | 6,700 | 11-13 | 1800-2500 | 4050 | II. 0.90x0.15. | 100 | ||
4 | O.60 | 0.72 | O.9O-O.I5 | IOO | 11,100 | 16-20 | 3000-4000 | 6200 | IV. 1.00x0.20. | 110 | ||
Lobin (Fig. 51) . | .. | O.60 | 0.55 | 0.8O-O.I5 | 110 | 1,200 | 10 | 30 to 40 cm. | 2750 | Pulleys of cones. | II. 0.90x0.15. | 150 |
IV. I.20x0.22. | 140 |
Cylindrical Pan. | ||||||||||
Height. | Diam. | |||||||||
Boulet (Fig. 55) . | .. | .. | .. | • • | ... | þ • • | • • • | • • • | .. | |
Joly (Fig. 57) . | ... | O.80 | O.3O | ... | .. | 800 | 1 | I cm. | 700 | Double-pan blender. |
Whitehead (Fig. 56) | 1 | I.02 | 0.53 | þ • • | .. | 1 | • • • | 386 | ||
2 | 1.22 | 0.53 | þ þ þ | .. | 760 | 1 | 400 | |||
3 | 1.52 | 0.61 | 864 | 1 | .. | 450 | ||||
2. Worked by steam power. | ||||||||||
(a) From above. | ||||||||||
Bricks. | ||||||||||
Boulet (Fig. 61) . | • • • | .. | . • • | 1.00-0.11 | 135 | • • | 2-4 | I50O-24OO | • • • | Sheet-iron pan. |
Joly (Figs. 58 and 60) - | 1 | I.IO | 0.60 | 0.95-0.15 | 55 | 1200 | 4 | 2 cm. | 1200 | Sheet-iron pan. |
2 | I.20 | 0.70 | 1.10-0.15 | 60 | 1300 | 4-5 | 2 cm.500 | 1260 | ||
3 | I.20 | 0.70 | 1.30-0.16 | 60 | 2200 | 4-5 | I5OO-2OOO | 1760 | Cast-iron pan. | |
Sachsenberg (Fig. 62) | a | 0.45 | 0.52-0.10 | 100 | 600 | 1-2 | 600-700 | 780 | ||
b | 0.50 | 0.63-0.11 | 100 | 700 | 2-3 | 700-1200 | 860 | |||
c | 0.63 | 0.76-0.12 | 100 | 1500 | 3-4 | I2O0-2O0O | 1250 | |||
d | • • | 0.75 | 1.00-0.16 | 110 | 2750 | 5-6 | 2500-3500 | 2870 | ||
Whittaker . | • • | 0.60 | 0.75-0.12 | 165 | • • | 2000-3000 | 1610 | F. a. b. Liverpool. | ||
(b) From below. | ||||||||||
Boulet (Fig. 65). | • • • | .. | I.OO-O.II | 120 | 2000 | 5 | 1500-2000 | • • • | ||
Jager (Fig. 63) . | 0 | • • | ... | 0.75-0.15 | 75 | 1000 | 2-4 | 500-800 | 1125 | |
1 | ... | ... | 0.90-0.15 | 90 | 1150 | 4-5 | IOOO-1400 | 1375 | ||
2 | .. | .. | 0.90-0.18 | 90 | 2100 | 6-7 | 1600-2000 | 1700 | ||
Joly (Fig. 64) . | ... | I.20 | 0.70 | I.30-0.16 | 60 | 2500 | . 4-5 | 1500-2000 | 2200 | |
HORIZONTAL PUG-MILLS. | ||||||||||
Jager (Fig. 66) . | 1 | • • • | • • | 0.40-0.12 | 170 | 1300 | 2-3 | 300-500 | 1200 | |
2 | • • | • • | 0.64-0.13 | 170 | 1800 | 4-6 | 800-1200 | 1550 | ||
3 | ... | ... | 0.75-0.15 | 170 | 2400 | 7-10 | 1800-2500 | 1900 | ||
Sachsenberg (Fig. 68) | a | 0 40 | 0.52-0.11 | 100 | 1100 | 2-3 | 300-500 | 1170 | ||
b | • • | 0.50 | 0.63-0.12 | 100 | 1600 | 3-4 | 500-1200 | 1560 | ||
c | • • | 0.63 | 0.76-0.13 | 120 | 2200 | 4-5 | 1500-2000 | 1710 | ||
d | • | 0.80 | 0.78-0.16 | 130 | 4000 | 6-7 | 4000-5000 | 2880 |
 
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