Table V. Strength Of Stones, Bricks, And Cements Per Square Inch
Description
This section is from the book "Safe Building", by Louis De Coppet Berg. Also available from Amazon: Code Check: An Illustrated Guide to Building a Safe House.
Table V. Strength Of Stones, Bricks, And Cements Per Square Inch
STONES. | Compression on bed. | Compression on edge. | Weight per Cubic ft. | |||||||
Ultimate c | Safe c/f | Ultimate c1 | Safe c1/f | Ultimate t | Safe t/f | Ultimate k | Safe k/f | |||
Bluestone......... | 13500 | 1350 | - | - | 1400 | 140 | 2300 | 230 | 160 | |
Granite, average....... | 15000 | 1500 | - | - | 580 | 50 | 1860 | 180 | 170 | |
" | Aberdeen (Scotch)........ | 10700 | 1000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 165 |
" | Blue, Staten Island, N. Y........ | 22250 | 2000 | - | - | - | - | 1300 | 130 | 179 |
" | Canadlan......... | 12000 | 1200 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 162 |
" | Connecticut........ | 12000 | 1200 | 13000 | 1300 | - | - | - | - | 166 |
" | Cornish (English)........... | 6300 | 630 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 183 |
" | Keene, N. H........... | 14500 | 1450 | - | - | - | - | 1500 | 150 | - |
" | Kingston (Dublin), Ireland............ | 10450 | 1050 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 171 |
" | Maine......... | 15000 | 1500 | 15000 | 1500 | - | - | - | - | 168 |
" | Massachusetts......... | 16000 | 1600 | 9250 | 925 | - | - | 1870 | 180 | 105 |
" | Millstone Point.......... | 15700 | 1570 | - | - | - | - | 1900 | 190 | - |
" | Mt. Sorrel.......... | 12900 | 1300 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
" | New Jersey.......... | 22000 | 2200 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 189 |
" | New York State....... | 15000 | 1500 | 15000 | 1500 | - | - | - | - | 168 |
" | Peterhead (Scotch).......... | 8300 | 830 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 166 |
" | Virginia........................... | 14000 | 1400 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 164 |
" | Greenstone. Giants' Causeway, Ireland | 18000 | 1800 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Limestone, average........... | 7000 | 700 | 6000 | 600 | 1000 | 100 | 1500 | 150 | 146 | |
" | Anglesea, English.............. | 7600 | 760 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
" | Bath, English............... | 1450 | 150 | - | - | - | - | 370 | 37 | - |
" | Caen, French............. | 3550 | 350 | - | - | 150 | 15 | 600 | 60 | 119 |
" | Chalk, French............. | 1000 | 100 | - | - | 118 | 10 | 670 | 50 | 145 |
" | Chalk, average............. | 3240 | 325 | - | - | 500 | 50 | - | - | 153 |
" | Canton, Mo., drab.......... | 7200 | 720 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 146 |
" | Marquette, Mich, drab......... | 7900 | 790 | 7800 | 780 | - | - | 1500 | 150 | 146 |
" | Dublin, Irish........................ | 17000 | 1740 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
" | English, Irish.................. | 8300 | 830 | - | - | - | - | 800 | 80 | 160 |
" | English, compact.............. | 11500 | 1100 | 1 750 | 1000 | - | - | - | - | 169 |
" | Glen Falls, N.Y................... | 25000 | 2000 | 21500 | 1800 | - | - | - | - | 172 |
" | North River, N. Y......... | 17000 | 1500 | 14150 | 1400 | - | - | - | - | 166 |
" | Purbeck (hard bed), English......... | 8000 | 800 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 153 |
STONES. | Compression on bed. | Compression on edge. | Tension. | Modulus of Rupture. | Weight per Cubic ft. | ||||||
Ultimate c | Safe c/f | Ultimate c1 | Safe c1/f | Ultimate t | Safe t/f | Ultimate k | Safe k/f | ||||
Limestone, Portland, English....... | 3500 | 350 | - | - | 900 | 90 | 1530 | 150 | 146 | ||
,, | Joliet, III, white............. | 13000 | 1300 | 7050 | 700 | - | - | - | - | 159 | |
,, | Marblehead, Ohio, white........ | 11500 | 1150 | - | - | - | - | 1500 | 150 | 152 | |
Marble, average.......... | 8000 | 800 | 8000 | 800 | 700 | 70 | 1200 | 120 | 160 | ||
,, | Devonshire red (English)........ | 7300 | 730 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 103 | |
,, | Eastchester......... | 13000 | 1300 | - | - | 1600 | 160 | 1000 | 190 | 179 | |
,, | Illinois............. | 9700 | 970 | 9800 | 980 | 1000 | 100 | 1200 | 120 | 159 | |
,, | Italian................ | 12000 | 1200 | - | - | 700 | 70 | 2080 | 200 | 168 | |
,, | Vermont............... | 7600 | 760 | 8670 | 870 | 675 | 67 | 1200 | 120 | 166 | |
Rock, average........... | 12000 | 1000 | 11000 | 1000 | - | - | - | - | 165 | ||
,, | quartz (American)............ | 22000 | 1500 | 13000 | 1000 | - | - | - | - | 165 | |
,, | Holyhead (English) | 25000 | 1500 | 13700 | 1000 | - | - | - | - | 165 | |
,, | hard, New York City............... | 11250 | 1000 | 12500 | 1000 | - | - | - | - | 182 | |
Sandstone, average...................... | 5000 | 500 | - | - | 100 | 15 | 1000 | 100 | 144 | ||
,, | Berlin, Ohio.................. | 14250 | 1000 | 12000 | 1000 | - | - | - | - | - | |
,, | Bevlvile, N.J. (brown)......... | 11700 | 1000 | 10250 | 800 | - | - | 650 | 50 | 141 | |
,, | Corsehill (red Scotch)............ | 7700 | 700 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 154 | |
,, | Gatelawbridgo (red Scotch).......... | 8500 | 750 | - | - | - | - | - | 152 | ||
,, | Little Falls, N.Y. (brown)............ | 9850 | 980 | 9150 | 900 | - | - | 1730 | 170 | 140 | |
,, | Craigleith (Scotch) | 6500 | 550 | _ | - | 450 | 45 | 770 | 77 | 144 | |
,, | Longmeadow, (Worcester) brown..... | 10300 | 1000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 142 | |
,, | Longmeadow, (Kibbe) red.......... | 12700 | 1200 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 149 | |
,, | Middletown, Conn. (brown).......... | 6950 | 600 | 5550 | 500 | 590 | 60 | 1000 | 100 | 148 | |
,, | Amherst, Ohio (brown-gray)............ | 6000 | 600 | 5450 | 600 | 105 | 10 | 600 | 60 | 135 | |
,, | Bramely Falls, English............. | 5900 | 550 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 142 | |
,, | Dorchester, Nova Scotia(freestone).. | 9200 | 900 | - | - | 100 | 10 | 800 | 80 | 150 | |
,, | ,, | (olive)............... | 4250 | 400 | 6050 | 600 | - | - | - | - | 150 |
,, | Drab Berea(Ohio)........... ... | 8750 | 800 | - | - | 105 | 10 | 700 | 70 | 134 | |
,, | Runcorn red, (English).............. | 2100 | 200 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 129 | |
,, | Yorkshire paving (English)............ | 5000 | 500 | - | - | - | - | 750 | 75 | 166 | |
Slate.......... | 11000 | 1100 | - | - | 10000 | 800 | 5000 | 500 | 160 | ||
Whinstone (Scotch)........... | 8100 | 800 | - | - | 1450 | 140 | - | - | - | ||
Stonework............. | with | level, | dressed | beds | allow | 4-10 of | of | stone. | |||
Rubblework............ | 500 | 100 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 150 | ||
BRICKS. - CEMENTS, ETC. - SOILS. | Compression on bed. | Compression on edge. | Tension. | Modulus of Rupture. | Weight per Cubic ft. | |||||
Ultimate c | Safe c/f | Ultimato c1 | Safe c1/f | Ultimate t | Safe t/f | Ultimate k | Safe k/f | |||
BRICKS. | ||||||||||
Bicks, light red...... | 640 | 65 | - | - | 40 | 4 | - | - | - | |
,, | good common....... | 10000 | 800 | - | - | 200 | 20 | 600 | 60 | 100 |
,, | best hard................ | 12000 | 1000 | - | - | 400 | 40 | 750 | 75 | 107 |
,, | Phlladelphia, pressed....... | 6000 | 600 | - | - | - | - | 650 | 65 | 105 |
,, | browing glazed (English)......... | 1300 | 130 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
,, | fire (English.)....... | 1700 | 170 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 133 |
Brick work, common......... | 1000 | 100 | - | - | 50 | 5 | - | - | 110 | |
,, | good........ | 1500 | 150 | - | - | 100 | 10 | - | - | 111 |
,, | best, in cement mortar........ | 2000 | 200 | - | - | 300 | 30 | - | - | 112 |
Terra-cotta......... | 5000 | 400 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 110 | |
Terra-cotta work............ | 2000 | 200 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 112 | |
CEMENTS, ETC. | ||||||||||
Cement, Rosendale............. | 1500 | 150 | - | - | 290 | 20 | 400 | 40 | 56 | |
,, | Portland.......... | 3000 | 300 | - | - | 500 | 50 | 900 | 90 | 81 |
,, | lime.......... | 600 | 60 | - | - | - | - | 200 | 20 | 59 |
,, | Plaster-of-Paris........... | 600 | 60 | - | - | 70 | 7 | - | - | 78 |
Mortar, lime.......... | 400 | 100 | - | - | 50 | 5 | 125 | 12 | 93 | |
,, | lime and Rosendale........ | 550 | 125 | - | - | 75 | 8 | 200 | 20 | 100 |
,, | Rosendale cement............. | 700 | 150 | - | - | 115 | 15 | 300 | 30 | 102 |
,, | Portland cement............ | 2000 | 200 | - | - | 300 | 30 | 700 | 70 | 109 |
,, | plastering................. | 400 | 50 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 86 |
Concrete, Portland cement.............. | 1500 | 200 | - | - | 427 | 40 | 162 | 16 | 150 | |
,, | Rosendale cement.......... | 400 | 100 | - | - | 100 | 10 | 66 | 8 | 140 |
SOILS. | ||||||||||
Clay, horizontal leyers............. | - | 40 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 120 | |
Firm earth.............. | - | 20 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 115 | |
Gravel, firm with earth........... | - | 100 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 125 | |
Loam, soft,..... | - | 10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 110 | |
Sand, solid dry.......... | - | 7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 112 | |
The amounts given in Table IV for compression, tension and shearing are along fibres, except where marked across.
It will also be noticed that the factors-of-safety chosen are very different; the reason being that where figures seemed reliable the factor chosen was low, and became higher in proportion to the unreliability of the figures. The tables, as they are, are extremely unsatisfactory and unreliable, though the writer has spent much time in their construction. Any one, who will devote to the subject even the slightest research, will find that there are hardly any two original experimenters who agree, and in most cases, the experiments are so carelessly made or recorded that they are of but little value.
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