This section is from the book "The English And American Mechanic", by B. Frank Van Cleve. Also available from Amazon: The English And American Mechanic.
The following colors, after having been prepared and rubbed upon a plate of ground-glass, with the spirit of turpentine or lavender, thickened in the air, are applied with a hair-pencil. Before using them, however, it is necessary to try them on small pieces of glass, and expose them to the fire, to ascertain if the desired tone of color is produced. The artist must be guided by these proof-pieces in using his colors. The glass proper for receiv-tng these pigments should be colorless, uniform and difficult of fusion. A design must be drawn on paper, and placed beneath the plate of glass. The upper side of the glass, being sponged over with gum-water, affords, when dry, a surface proper for receiving the colors without the risk of their running Irregularly, as they would otherwise do on the slippery glass. The artist draws on the plate (usually in black), with a fine pencil, all the traces which mark the great outlines or shades of the figures. Afterwards, when it is dry, the vitrifying colors are laid on by means of larger hair-pencils; their selection being regulated by the burnt specimen-tints above mentioned. The following are all fast colors, which do not run, except the yellow, which must, therefore, be laid on the opposite side of the glass. The preparations being all laid on, the glass is ready for being fired in a muffle, In order to fix and bring out the proper colors. The muffle must be made of very refractory fireclay, flat at its bottom, and only five or six inches high, with a strong, anhed roof, and close on all sides, to exclude smoke and flame. On the bottom, a smooth bed of rifted lime, freed from Water, about half an inch thick, must be prepared for receiving the glass. Sometimes, several plates of glass are laid over each other, with a layer of lime-powder between each. The fire is now lighted, and very gradually raised, lest the glass should be broken; then keep it at a full heat for three or four hours, more or less, according to the indications of the trial slips; the yellow coloring being principally watched, it furnishing the best criterion of the state of the others. When all is right, let the fire die out, so as to anneal the glass.
 
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