An example of the standardization of lumber defects is given by the following copy of Navy Department General Lumber Specifications. Each one of the following items constitutes a standard defect:

(a) One sound knot, 1 1/4 inches in diameter, called a standard knot.

(b) Two knots not exceeding in extent or damage one standard knot.

(c) Wormholes, grub holes, or rafting-pin holes not exceeding in extent or damage one standard knot.

(d) Heart centers, shakes, rot, or dote not exceeding in extent or damage one standard knot.

(e) Splits which do not exceed 12 inches in length in firsts, nor one-sixth the length of the piece in seconds. Not more than 25 per cent of the whole number of pieces in each grade may be so split.

Note. - Wide pieces of lumber that would take two or three standard knots may have, if properly located, one large knot, equal to two or three standard knots, if there are no other defects.

Shakes are splits in the end of a board due to seasoning, generally occurring before the board is cut from the log.

Checks are cracks showing in the surface of a board, due to seasoning, and are sometimes large enough to be defects.

Dote is unsoundness due to decay.

Wane is the beveled or bark-covered edge of a board.