I have now given a general idea of the kinds of money in use in the countries of North and South America, Asia, Africa, and the principal islands of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. We now come to Europe, with which our financial and trade relations are of more importance than all the others combined.

France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Greece, Spain, Rumania, Servia, Bulgaria, Finland, and Austria- Hungary have the same, or very similar, monetary systems, the first five countries named comprising what is known as the "Latin Union countries"- a union formed for the adoption of a uniform monetary system. The other countries adopted the same system, but are not members of the union.

France, Belgium, and Switzerland call their unit the franc, which is divided into 100 centimes. Italy calls the franc, or unit, the lira of 100 centesimi. Greece uses the unit named dracma of 100 lepta; Spain the peseta of 100 centimos; Rumania, the lei of 100 bani; Servia, the dinar of 100 paras; Bulgaria, the lew of 100 stotinkas; Finland, the finmark of 100 cents; and Austria-Hungary, the crown, or krone, of 100 heller. All these units are practically the same as the franc of France with different names, their actual mint valuation (except Austria-Hungary) being just the same, 19.3 cents.

Germany's money of account is the reichsmark, or mark, as we call it, of 100 pfennige. A mark is worth about 24 cents in our money.

Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, known as the Scandinavian countries, have for their unit the krone, or crown, of 100 ores, its value in our money being about 27 cents.

Holland has the gulden or guilder of 100 cents, worth about 40 cents in our money.

Russia uses for its unit, the ruble of 100 kopecks worth about 52 cents in our money.

Portugal, like Brazil, has for its unit the milreis, equal to 1,000 reis, its value in our money being about $1.08.