71. Where narrow slips of garden ground are necessarily placed east and west, the fences between them ought to be as low as can be permitted if opaque, or to be composed of open iron railings. For the sake of seclusion these railings may be covered during the summer season, when the occupants are most in their gardens, with deciduous creepers, such as scarlet runners, nasturtiums, sweet peas, or that splendid plant, the everlasting pea; but, during winter, they should be left naked, to admit the sun to dry and warm the soil The aspect of the ground in the case of larger gardens is of less consequence; as, from their greater width, the space shaded by the wall bears a smaller proportion to the entire area.

72. The artificial exposure, in the case of houses and gardens on a small scale, is no less affected by local circumstances than the natural exposure, in houses on a large scale, is by such as are of a permanent nature. We have shown that an irregular surface has always more or less an irregular climate, and that the side of a hill naturally sheltered may be exposed to a current of wind, reflected or turned out of its natural direction by an adjoining hill. On the very same principles, a house in a sheltered or favourably-exposed situation may be injured by a current of wind directed against it by adjoining houses, or by trees; and this, as every one knows, is one grand cause of smoky chimneys. An attentive observer of the chimney-tops of the houses in the suburbs of London will find that those which have most of these unsightly contrivances for preventing smoking, are generally small houses near large ones, or near large trees. In the case of regular streets, where the houses are all of nearly the same size, or of houses that are completely isolated, a common chimney-pot will be found sufficient

73. - The direction of the road leading to a suburban residence is not beneath notice. We have shown that, on a small scale, where the houses and gardens are placed in rows parallel to the road, the direction of the road is of the utmost consequence with reference to the enjoyment of sunshine. Where the road is in the direction of the prevailing winds of the country, the dust, in summer, will he blown in the direction of that road, and will consequently prove a much greater annoyance to the traveller, than where the road is in a direction contrary to that of the wind. About London, the prevailing winds are from the west, or from the east; and hence the roads to Edgeware, Hamp-Btead, etc, on the north, and to Epsom, Croydon, etc, on the south, are much less disagreeable to travel on than those to Uxbridge and Brentford, or in the Essex direction. The dust from the roads running north and south is blown off them into the fields; whereas in the roads running east and west, whether the wind is in the east or in the west, the dust is blown along them. It must not be forgotten, however, that those roads which have the dust blown from them are the least eligible for having small houses and gardens placed close to them, as the dust from the road is blown upon such houses and gardens.

The road which is most covered with dust in summer will be most covered with mud in winter, unless the dust be removed when it is first turned into mud. The wetness of the surface of a road during winter, all other circumstances being the same, will be great in proportion as it is in the direction of the wind, and is shaded from the sun. Hence, about London, those roads which are in the direction of east and west are decidedly the wettest during winter; because they are in the direction of the prevailing winds, which blow the moisture along them as the dust was blown in summer, instead of blowing it off them; and because they are all more or less shaded by fences, houses, and trees on the south side. Hence, also, the houses on the sides of roads which run east and west, ought to be placed farther from them than is necessary in the case of roads running north and south. A road which runs east and west affords shade to the pedestrian at least till between two and three o'clock of every day throughout the year; so that a citizen whose residence is along such a road may always walk to town in the shade; while, on the other hand, if, during the six months of summer, he returns from town to his residence between three and six o'clock, he will have the sun full in his face.

A road in the direction of north and south affords shade to the pedestrian early in the morning, and in the evening; but, on going to town during the day along the road from his house in the north suburbs, the traveller will have the sun full in his face; while on going to town along a road from the south suburbs, it will be on his back. These remarks apply strictly to roads which are straight, and which have no other objects along them to produce shade but fences 8ft. or 10ft high; but, where the roads are winding, and bordered by trees or houses, or both, the influence of the sun is in a great measure neutralised; and, as far as respects the enjoyment of shade, roads in different directions will be nearly equal. The same remarks will also apply with respect to dust being blown along the road, or off the road; since, if we imagine the road in a serpentine or zigzag direction, the wind, from whatever quarter it may come, will blow the dust alternately off the road, and along the road. Nothing, however, can be more certain than this, that, in the climate of Britain, all roads and walks in the direction of north and south are much sooner dried after being wet, and much more comfortable to travel on in winter, than roads in the direction of east and west.

This may be observed even in the streets of towns in the winter season; and also ill the gravel walks of walled gardens, and in the avehues through woods.