When a large blood vessel is opened, death may so quickly result, that it is very important to know what to do to stop the flow of blood, without delay. When there is a cut or wound, the blood may either be a bright scarlet or darker hue. The first is arterial blood and comes from the arteries direct from the heart. The darker is venous, comes from the veins, and is returning to the heart. Various means of arresting the flow of blood may be tried. The most generally useful one and the one most readily applied, is compression. Pressure may be applied in various ways. The pressure of the hands may be used to control the flowing blood until other means more effectual car be secured. Anything in the way of a belt cord, strap, or handkerchief, when drawn tight enough above the wound will stop the flow. Even a rope of hay or grass quickly twisted together will answer, if in the field or on the highway. Should the pressure not be sufficient, it may be increased by placing a short stick under the bandage and twisting the bandage upon itself. Other methods are sometimes necessary and may be tried. The old time remedy of a spider web is probably a successful, but by no means safe method, for while it may arrest hemorrhage it may poison the wound.

Turpentine may be used and besides tending to check hemorrhage it also cleanses the wound. In case of punctured wound where pressure cannot be effectually applied, the wound may be plugged with clean linen, saturated with turpentine and water, one part to ten. Strong salt solution, may be used in absence of turpentine. Cold, in the form of ice, or very cold water may be applied to wounds and adjacent structures. Hemorrhage from the Nose.

Hemorrhage or. bleeding from the nose, while rarely a dangerous symptom, is frequently so severe as to cause great anxiety to the patient and to his friends. Slight hemorrhage sometimes occurs in those of robust constitution, and in a few moments ceases spontaneously. Such cases need no treatment, but where the bleeding is frequent, or in great quantity, the nostrils should be examined and the cause, if possible removed. The immediate methods popularly supposed to be efficient is snuffing cold water up the nostrils. This is a measure of doubtful benefit. Pressure on the soft part of the nostrils for about five minutes will frequently control the most severe hemorrhage. Vinegar is sometimes used for the same purpose with good effect. Water may be used at times with excellent results, and does most good in the form of a hot foot bath. Cold to back of neck is also good.

Hemorrhage from the lungs may be confounded with hemorrhage from the stomach, but the following points will serve to distinguish between the two: That from the lungs comes on suddenly or with but little warning to the patient. The blood is coughed up and usually preceded by a tickling sensation in the throat; the blood is bright colored and frothy. Hemorrhage from the stomach is usually preceded by a long existing stomach or intestinal trouble. The blood is usually vomited up and mixed with particles of food, but is not frothy. In pulmonary hemorrhage the patient should be placed at rest, and ice or cloths dipped in ice water, applied to the chest and neck. Stimulants should not be given. The recumbent position should be maintained and the patient forbidden to move a muscle. Life is not often endangered and slight hemorrhages cease spontaneously.

In hemorrhage from the stomach, the patient may be laid across the bed with the feet hanging down, and as in pulmonary hemorrhage, should be kept perfectly quiet. Small pellets of ice may be swallowed and cold cloths placed over the stomach. Iced alum whey should be given every few minutes.

Gas Poisoning

Persons are overcome by the impure air of deep wells, and other foul places, as well as by illuminating gas. The treatment is the same in ail cases of this character. The patient should be placed in the open air, and if in a room, the windows and doors should be opened at once, the patient's clothing loosened, and artificial respiration as in drowning practiced. Whisky or brandy may also be given.

Epilepsy

Epilepsy requires the same treatment as fainting, except ' that care must be taken to prevent biting the tongue; this may be done by placing a handkerchief or piece of wood between the teeth.

Shock

Shock follows injuries from violence. The patient should be covered with warm, but light coverings, and the bodily temperature maintained by means of hot water applications. Bottles or tins filled with water and placed at the feet and armpits and other portions of the body, is the most convenient form of applying heat. The patient should lie with head lower than the body. Stimulants in the form of liquors or strong coffee may be given, and if the patient is unable to swallow, the liquor may be mixed with water, one part to three, and injected into the rectum.