This section is from the book "The Newer Knowledge Of Nutrition", by Elmer Verner McCollum. Also available from Amazon: The Newer Knowledge of Nutrition: The Use of Food for the Preservation of Vitality and Health.
Palmer and Kempster (14) succeeded in growing chicks from hatching on a mixture of white maize, white maize meal, white maize bran, skim milk and bone meal. After six weeks the birds began to fail, but responded at once when pork liver was added to their diet. The latter they showed to be free from carotinoids. At three months of age the birds were normal in size for their age. They were then given an occasional feeding of white summer squash and white Spanish onions. There was but a trace of carotinoids in the tissues of the birds when grown, as was shown by the lack of pigmentation of the shanks, ear lobes, beaks and other parts of the body.
At the age of six months the hens began to lay, and seventeen of them produced 893 eggs in 233 days. One hen laid 88 eggs during this period. The yolks were found to be free from carotinoids. A large number of these eggs were incubated. Viable chicks were hatched, which were normal in every respect except for the absence of yellow pigment from the shanks, beaks and other parts. From these results it appears that further attempts to establish a relationship between a yellow pigment and fat-soluble A are futile.
 
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