As long as a tree is in a healthy condition, its top or crown retains its small branches, but when these refuse to send forth leaves, and break off, it is a sign of decay, and the tree should be cut down and put to some use; for, if allowed to stand, its decay, aided by parasitic insects, will proceed rapidly until there remains nothing but a shell, composed of the growing zone and a few of the last annual rings, and its value for any purpose will become very much lessened or entirely lost.

Breaking or sawing off a branch and leaving the wound exposed will furnish an opportunity for fungus spores or boring insects to begin the destruction of the wood.

Cutting down trees on the border of a forest, or clearing a large space within it, is destructive to the tall trees remaining exposed to the winds and elements. The swaying of the stems in a storm causes the tender root-hairs to be broken off, thus preventing absorption of sufficient nourishment by the root, and shortening the life of the tree.

Season for cutting.

The proper time of the year for cutting down trees is an important matter. In the spring and late summer the outer portion of the wood is charged with elements which tend to hasten its decay. In the drier summer months and in winter the growing and conducting cells are less active or altogether dormant, and better wood may be secured if cut during those times of the year. Oak is said to be more durable if cut just after the leaves have fallen.

The trees are cut with axe or saw, and skill is required to fell a tree so that it will come safely to the ground, and not hang suspended to neighboring branches or crush young trees in its fall. An experienced woodman will direct the falling tree exactly where he wishes. He cuts on the side and about at a right angle to the direction in which he wishes the tree to fall; next he cuts on the opposite side, and, if necessary, a few inches higher.

The tree, after falling, is cleared of its branches and sawed into lengths, according to the future use of the wood.