A Pronoun is a word that represents a subject of thought without naming it.

The words who, he, and his in the sentences first studied in Exercise 53 are pronouns. Which of the other words that we examined in this exercise are pronouns?

Exercise 54

Select the nouns and pronouns in the following sentences. Tell what sort of subject of thought each represents; for example, something made of matter, a quality, a condition, an action.

Tell whether each noun and pronoun is used as subject, predicate attribute, object, predicate attribute of the object, or in some way not yet studied.

1. Minnie has become a skillful penman.

2. She interrupted me.

3. That is a beautiful book.

4. Kindness wins friends.

5. She seems very happy. 1

6. Happiness1 is contagious.

1 The words happiness and happy both represent a condition, but the word happy does not represent this condition as a subject of thought. We cannot make an assertion about happy as we can about happiness. The word happy belongs to a class of words not yet studied.

7. The children named the dog Jo.

8. Here comes the procession.

9. Marching tires me.

10. It was she. (Under what circumstances might this sentence be used? What is the subject of thought?)

11. What do you see?

12. Her weakness increases daily.

13. We shall elect Henry treasurer.

14. The brightness of the sun dazzles my eyes.

15. She seems to be a sincere person.

16. Over the sand slowly crept the sea.

17. Your anger is inexcusable.

18. His youth was a disadvantage.

19. Exercise is a benefit.

20. Fresh air is beneficial.

21. The ball struck the window.

22. Weariness overcame her.

23. Swimming develops the muscles. .

24. The man who spoke so loudly is deaf.

25. That is my book.

26. The beauty of the child surprised me.

27. The man who passed us was Mr. Elliot.

28. We chose her president.

29. This is a poppy.

30. Pride caused the quarrel.

31. The person at the door was I.

32. Each carried a basket.

33. The tadpole became a frog.

34. Grief kept her silent.

35. The silence was oppressive.

36. I shall remember your generosity.

37. Who arranged the flowers?

38. Whom did you invite to the party?

Note. - Answer the interrogative sentences in complete declarative sentences. The pronouns who and whom in Sentences 37 and 38 are used like the words that correspond to them in the answers.

Exercise 55. Word Studies

1. Think of some machine that you have often seen; for example, a sewing machine, a self-binder, a machine in the manual training department, a washing machine, a wringer, a corn-binder, a cream separator, a vacuum cleaner.

Write names of as many of its parts as you can. Then go and examine the machine. See how many parts you did not name. Learn the names of these parts and add them to your list. Get help from persons and from catalogues or other advertising material.

2. A man once said that he liked any color provided it was red. Make a list of definite names of colors that might be called red. Bring to class bits of paper or cloth, flowers, or other articles to illustrate as many of these colors as you can.

3. Make lists of definite nouns that might be used in place of these general ones: house, wind.

4. Make a list of nouns that name the qualities and conditions that these words express : good.

honest.

careless.

angry.

happy.

graceful.

stupid.

weak.

generous.

strong.

brave.

cowardly.

courageous.

brilliant.

bright.

5. Write names of three good qualities and three bad qualities of persons. Of three good and three bad qualities of dogs. Of three fortunate and three unfortunate conditions of persons.

Use five of the nouns in your lists as subjects of sentences.

6. What four rules for writing and speaking have you discussed? (§ 3). Give names to the qualities of speech that these rules call for.

7. The following nouns are often used with a wrong meaning: party, date, depot.

Find out the real meaning of each and use it in a sentence.