Elias Fries, a Swedish botanist, born Aug. 15, 1794. He was appointed adjunct professor of botany at Lund in 1810, and professor in 1828. In 1834 he was called to the chair of economy at Upsal, to which in 1851 that of botany was attached, and in 1853 he was made rector of the university. As director of the museum and botanical garden of the university, he introduced important improvements. He has reputation not only as a botanist, but as an orator, and has twice represented the university of Upsal in the diet. His most valuable work is Summa Vcgetabilium Scandinavia (2 vols., Upsal, 1846-'8). He has also published over 100 dissertations and numerous treatises on botany, especially on mycology.