Gelderland, Or Gnelderland, a province of Holland, bounded N. W. by the Zuyder Zee, S. E. by Prussia, and on the other sides by the provinces of Overyssel, Utrecht, South Holland, and North Brabant; area, 1,964 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 432,693. Its surface is more hilly than that of most of the Netherlands; its climate is mild, but its soil, except in the river valleys, is poor. The principal streams are the Maas (separating it from North Brabant), Waal, Rhine, and Yssel, on the banks of which fruit, grain, hops, potatoes, and tobacco are cultivated with considerable success, while the more sterile districts have recently been planted with timber, or are used for cattle raising. Brewing, distilling, and the manufacture of paper, linen, tiles, and leather, are important branches of industry, and there is also an extensive transit trade. There are iron mines in the canton of Zutphen. The herring fishery is actively prosecuted on the Zuyder Zee. Arnhem, the capital, Nime-guen, Zutphen, and Harderwyk are the chief towns.-Gelderland was made a county in 1079 by the emperor Henry IV., and a duchy in 1339 by Louis the Bavarian. It was governed by dukes of its own, who resided at its present capital, till 1528, when it passed into the hands of Charles Y. It joined the union of Utrecht in 1579. In 1794 it was taken by the French, who held it till 1814, when it became a part of the Netherlands. A portion of upper Gelderland (area, about 450 sq. m.), including its capital Geldern, was added to Prussia by the peace of Utrecht (1713), and now forms part of the circle of Geldern in the district of Diis-seldorf.