The most remarkable crises since the beginning of the present century have been as follows:

1814. England, two hundred and forty banks suspended.

1824. Manchester, failures, two millions sterling.

1831. Calcutta, failures, fifteen millions.

1837. United States, "Wild-cat" crisis, all banks closed.

1839. Bank of England saved by Bank of France. Severe also in France, where ninety-three companies failed for six millions.

1844. England. State loans to merchants. Bank of England reformed.

1847. England, failures, twenty millions, discount, thirteen percent.

1857. United States, seven thousand two hundred houses failed for one hundred and eleven millions.

1860. London, Overend-Gurney crisis; failures exceeded one hundred millions.

1869. Black Friday in New York (Wall street,) September 24.