C before a, o, and u, and in some other situations, is a close articulation, like k. Before e, i, and y, c is precisely equivalent to s in same, this; as in cedar, civil, cypress, capacity.

E final indicates that the preceding vowel is long; as in hate, mete, sire, robe, lyre, abate, recede, invite, remote, intrude.

E final indicates that c preceding has the sound of s; as in lace, lance; and that g preceding has the sound of j, as in charge, page, challenge.

E final in proper English words, never forms a syllable, and in the most used words, in the terminating unaccented syllable it is silent. Thus, motive, genuine, examine, granite, are pronounced motiv, genuin. examin, granit.

E final in a few words of foreign origin, forms a syllable; as syncops. simile.

E final is silent after / in the following terminations, - ble, cle, dle, fle, gle, kle, ple, tle, zle; as in able, manacle, cradle, ruffle, mangle, wrinkle, supple, rattle, puzzle, which are pronounced ab'l, mana'cle, cra'dl, ruf'fl, man'gl, wrin'kl, sup'pl, puz'zl.

E is usually silent in the termination en; as in token, broken; pronounced tokn, brokn.

Ous in the termination of adjectives and their derivatives is pronounced us; as in gracious, pious, pompously.

Ce, CI, Ti, before a vowel, have the sound of sh; as in cetaceous, gracious, motion, partial, ingratiate: pronounced cetashus, grashus, moshun, parshal, ingrashiate.

Si, after an accented vowel, is pronounced like zh; as in Ephesian, confusion; pronounced Epezhan, confuzhon.

Gh, both in the middle and at the end of words is silent; as in caught, bought, fright, nigh, sigh: prounced caut, baut, frite, ni, si. In the following exceptions, however, gh is pronounced as f:- cough, chough, clough, enough, laugh, rough, slough, tough, trough.

When Wh begins a word, the aspirate h precedes w in pronunciation: as in what, whiff, whale; pronounced hwat, hwiff, hwale, w having precisely the sound of oo, French ou. In the following words w is silent: - who, whom, whose, whoop, whole.

H after r has no sound or use; as in rheum, rhyme; pronounced reum, ryme.

H should be sounded in the middle of words; as in forehead, abhor, behold, exhaust, inhabit, unhorse.

H should always be sounded except in the following words;- heir, herb, honest, honor, hour, humor, and humble, and all their derivatives, ' - such as humorously, derived from humor.

K and G are silent before n; as know, gnaw; pronounced no, nawW before r is silent; as in wring, wreath: pronounced ring, reath.

B after m is silent; as in dumb, numb; pronounced dum, num.

L before k is silent as in balk, walk, talk; pronounced bauk, wauk, tauk.

Ph has the sound of f; as in philosophy; pronounced filosofy.

Ng has two sounds, one as in singer, the other as in fin-ger.

N after m, and closing a syllable, is silent; as in hymn, condemn.

P before s and t is mute; as in psalm, pseudo, ptarmigan; pronounced salm, sudo, tarmigan.

R has two sounds, one strong and vibrating, as at the beginning of Words and syllables, such as robber, reckon, error; the other is at the terminations of the words, or when succeeded by a consonant, as farmer, morn.

There are other rules of pronunciation affecting the combinations of vowels, etc., but as they are more difficult to describe, and as they do not relate to errors which are commonly prevalent, it will suffice to give examples of them in the following list of words. When a syllable in any word in this list is printed in italics, accent or stress of voice should be laid on that syllable.