The cradle of the divine art was Egypt. The Hebrews took with them to Palestine the songs they had learned there, and many of the hymns of the early Christian Church were necessarily old Temple melodies. Ambrose, Archbishop of Milan (374), and after him Pope Gregory the Great (590), were the fathers of music in the Western Church. Harmonies were introduced in the ninth century; the present musical notation was invented by Guido Aretino (d. 1055); counterpoint was perfected by the Belgian Josquin Despres (d. 1521) and the Italian Palestrina (1555); and Italian opera was founded in 1600. The influence of the Italian school spread all over Europe; but in the sixteenth century England had a national school of her own, comprising such names as Tallis, Farrant, and Orlando Gibbons. Among the great composers of the seventeenth century were Monteverde in Italy, Lully in France, and Purcell in England. In the eighteenth century music made enormous advances, especially in Germany. Church music attained to its highest development under Bach, the oratorio under Handel (1685 - 1759), the opera under Mozart and Gluck, and orchestral music under Haydn and Beethoven (1770-1827). The nineteenth century has been illustrated by such names as Mendelssohn, Weber, Meyerbeer, Auber, Schubert, Spohr, Schumann, Chopin, Rossini, Bellini, Verdi; and in England, Sterndale, Bennett and Macfarren. Of the later German school the chief exponents have been Wagner (1813-83) and Liszt (d. 1886). Other leading composers are Gounod, in France; Boito, in Italy; Rubinstein and Brahms, in Germany; Dvorak, in Bohemia, Grieg, in Scandinavia, and Sullivan, Mackenzie, Stanford and Cowen, in England.