The chief schools of painting are the Florentine, founded on the Byzantine school, its principal painters being Cimabue (1240-1300), Giotto (1276-1336), Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1520), Michael Angelo Buonarotti (1474-1564), Carlo Dolci (1616-86);the Flemish-]. Van Eyck (1366-1441), Quentin Matsys (1460-1529), Breughel (1565-1625), P. P. Rubens (1577-1640), Vandyck (1599-1641), Snyders (1579-1657), Hobbima (1611-70), Ten-niers, jun., (1610-94), Rosa Bonheur(1822), the Umbrian, its chief exponent being P. Perugino (1446-1524); the Venitian - Giorgione (1477-1511), Sebastian del Piomno (1485-1547), Titian (1477-1576), Paul Veronese (1532-88), Tintoretto (1512-94); the Roman - Raphael (1483-1520), Paolo Perugino (1446-1524), Giulio Romano (1492-1546), Canaletti (1697-1768); the German - Hans Holbein (1495-1543), Sir Peter Lely (1617-80), Sir Godfrey Kneller (1648-1723), P. von Cornelius (1787-1867), F. Overbeck (1789-1869), W. Kaulbach (1805-74); the Lombardian - Qorreggio (1494-1534), Perme-giano (1503 - 40), Annibal Caracci (1568-1609), Guido (1575-1642), the Bolo-gnese-Domenicho (1581-1641), Guercino (1590-1666); the Dutch - Both (1600-50), Paul Potter (1625-54), A. Cuyp (1606-72), A. Van der Velde (1635-72), Rembrandt (1606-74), G. Douw (1630-80), Mieris (1635-81), Ruys-dael (1636-81), I. Van Ostade (1621-49), A. Van Ostade (1610-85), Berghem (1624-85), Wouvermans (1620-88), W. Van der Velde (1633-1707), Huysum (1682-1749), and more recently L. Alma Tadema (1836), Schotel, Scholf-hart, Van Os, Van Stry, Ommeganck, Josef Israels, Mesdag, Maris and others; the English - Walter Dobson (1610-46), Sir J. Thornhill (1676-1732), William Hogarth (1697-1764), J. Mortimer (1739-79), R. Wilson (1714-82), Gainsborough (1727-88), Sir J. Reynolds (1723-92), Romney (1734-1802), George Morland (1763-1804), Barry (1741-1806), Opie (1761-1807), Benjamin West (1738-1820), H. Raeburn (1786-1823), J. Ward (1779-1859), Fuseli (1741-1825), J. Constable (1776-1837), D. Wilkie (1785-1841), Haydon (1786-1846), Collins (1788-1847), Etty (1787-1849), Turner (1775-1851), Mulready (1786-1863), Sir C. L. Eastlake (1793-1865), T. Creswick (1811-69), Maclise (1811-70), Sir G. Hayter (1792-1871), Sir E. Landseer (1802 -73), E. M. Ward (1816-79), R. Redgrave (1804), W. P. Frith (1819), J. Faed (1820), T Faed (1826), H. S. Marks (1829), J. E. Millais (1829), Sir F. Leighton (1830), Vicat Cole (1833), G. D Leslie (1835), E. J. Poynter (1836), E. Armitage (1817), Edwin Long (1839-91), P. H. Calderon (1833), T. S. Cooper (1803), F. Holl (1845), F. Goodhall (1822), Birket Foster (1812), Sir John Gilbert (1817), H. Herkomer (1849), J. C. Horsley (1817), W. Q. Orchardson (1835), W. W. Ouless, (1848) G. F. Watts (1820), Marcus Stone (1840), John Pettie (1839), E. J. Gregory (1850), J. Mac Whirter (1839), C. Val Prinsep (1836), J. S. Lucas (1849), B. W. Leader (1831). Among English painters the Pre-Raphaelite movement, which commenced in 1849, as a protest against conventionalism in idea as well as execution in art, numbered among its principal exponents J. E. Millais, Holman Hunt (1827), G. D. Rossetti (1828-82), F. Madox Brown (1821), McNeil Whistler (1834), and E. Burne-Jones (1833); the French - Jean Cousin (1501-89), LeSeur (1617-55), N. Pousin (1594-1665), Claude Lorraine (1600-82), Le Bran (1619-90), Watteau (1684-1721), C. J. Vernet (1714-89), David (1748-1825), A. C. H. Vernet (1758-1836), J. E. H. Vernet (1789-1863), De la Croix (1798-1863), Gericault (1774-1829), J. D. A. Ingres (1781-1867), Scheffer (1795-1858), Paul Delaroche (1797-1856), Decamps (1803-66),Corot (1796-1875), Millet (1815-75), Regnault (1843-71), B. Lepage (1848-84), Meissonier (1815-91), Gerome (1824), Bougereau (1835), Constant (1845), Gustave Dore" (1833-83); the Spanish - Velasquez (1599-1660), Mu-rillo (1618-85); the Neapolitan - Salvator Rosa (1615-73), and the Ameri-can - Malbone (1777-1807), Copley (1738-1815), C. W. Peale (1741-1827), Gilbert C. Stuart (1756-1828), J. Trumbull (1756-1843), W. Allston (1779-1843), Thomas Cole (1801-48), Rembrandt Peale (1778-1860), W. M. Hunt (1824-79), W. Page (1811-85), D. Huntingdon (1816), S. R. Gifford (1823- 80), Eastman Johnson (1824), Elihu Vedder (1836), Bierstadt (1830). Russian art, dormant since the Byzantine period, has during the last forty years produced Swedomsky Verestchagin (1842) and Kramskoe. Scandinavian art has been represented in modern times by Uhde and Edelfeldt.