BOXER RISING

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BOYESEN

west of Louisville. It lies in a fertile agricultural section of the state, raising largely corn, hay, oats, wheat and tobacco, and is a noted center for horse sales and trading. Among its farm stock are also mules and hogs. Settled early in the past century and incorporated in 1812, it has considerable of history, especially during the Civil War era, when it was deemed by the Confederates a place of strategic importance. It is governed, under a charter dating from 1893, by a mayor and city council, the city owning and operating its own waterworks and electric light plant. It has two fine public parks, besides several manufactures, including besides its flour mills, tobacco and whisky factories and carriage works. It is the seat of Ogden and Potter Colleges for women, each non-sectarian, of St. Columba's Academy and the Southern Normal Institute. The population (1910),

9,173-

Boxer Rising at Pekin. In May, 1900, an alarming anti-foreign rising, instigated or at least connived at by the dowager-empress and the Chinese court, occurred in the province of Chi-li, which menaced, and for two months (from June 20th to August 14th) laid siege to the foreign legations in Pekin. The leaders of the movement were a fanatical organization of a quasi-military character, known as Boxers, whose object was to attack the Christian missions in the country, murder the native converts, violate international obligations, and lead to such complications between the Chinese government and the western powers as might result in the expulsion of all foreigners from China. The sect, which was largely made up of an insurrectionary rabble, styled themselves E-ho-ch'tiin, the final syllable of which means " fist," whence the appellation of Boxers. At their head was Prince Chuang, and associated with him was Prince Tuan, father of the imperial heir-apparent, Duke Lan. At the inception of the revolt occurred the murders of Baron von Ketteler, German minister, and the Japanese chancellor of legation at Pekin, followed by other menacing and overt acts at the capital and by the tearing up of the railway track from Pekin to Tien-Tsin. The diplomatic corps at ' the capital promptly called upon the admirals of the foreign warships at Taku to send inland increased guards for the protection of the embassies, and those who had taken refuge at the legations. The response to this was immediate, a number of marines of the different nations being at once landed and dispatched, among them over 100 men from the United States cruiser Newark, in command of Admiral Kempff. Meanwhile the foreign legations at the capital were furiously attacked, and only the timely arrival of the marines ©f the allied warships saved the embassies and their occupants from certain massacre. At this

juncture (July 14) the Chinese offered a safe conduct to Tien-Tsin for the lega-tioners and other foreigners besieged at the capital; but as all were now suspicious of the Chinese authorities, the offer was refused and the fighting was renewed. An attempt to forward another relief force from Taku was unsuccessful. The peril at the capital was now so great that a large international force was organized and hurried forward to Pekin, where on the 14th of August, after making a breach in the walls, it entered the city and brought relief to the besieged legations. The court, together with most of the Tsung-li-Yamên or foreign office, had fled the city, proceeding inland to Sian-fu in the province of Shensi. During the siege it was stated that nearly 800, in all, had taken refuge in the legations; 65 of the defenders had been killed, and 160 were wounded, while 4,000 shells had fallen within the grounds attached to the embassies. Following the rescue of the legations and the flight of the court, a long series of negotiations ensued, chiefly through the medium of Viceroy Li Hung Chang, together with Prince Ching, acting on behalf of the empress-regent. Meanwhile the foreign powers, acting together, placed the chief military command in the hands of the German field-marshal, Count von Walder-see; but diplomacy met with many checks and myriad difficulties in the endeavor to hold the Chinese authorities to accountability for the murders and outrages that had been committed. This was chiefly owing to the heavy exaction—which included an indemnity of over $300,000,000 by the powers, together with the execution of a number of prominent Chinese known to have taken active part against the foreigners. At length the provisions of the peace protocol having been in the main accepted and agreed to, the foreign armies were withdrawn from Pekin.—G. M. A.

Boycotting, a term coined from Captain Boycott, an Irish land agent, to denote a system of organized social and commercial ostracism, familiar in its methods in Ireland, in connection with the land-league and with measures seeking to nationalize the land. The term has since had a wider application, where it represents a combination of persons or political parties, or a concerted action taken by such, to restrain from or prevent business dealings or social relations with another.

Boyesen (boi'e-sen), Hjalmar Hjorth, a Norwegian poet, novelist and critic, long a resident of _the United States, was born in Norway, in 1848, and died at New York, Oct. 4, 1895. After graduating at the University of Christiania, he came to America in 1869, and for a time edited a Scandinavian journal in Chicago, and began to write fiction and verse, in English for the magazines. From 1874 to 1880 he taught

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