Twelve-inch turret carrying two forty-five caliber twelve-inch guns for the U. S. Navy. These guns can be loaded at any angle of elevation or azimuth or while in motion. The turret is equipped with a broken or double hoist. The lower hoist supplying ammunition from the magazine to an upper handling room immediately below, and revolving with, the turret pan. This makes the upper or gun hoist shorter and increases the speed of ammunition service, besides interposing two fireproof bulkheads between the guns and the magazine handling room.

Nickel Steel Field Ring Forged without Weld for a 5,000-Horse-power Dynamo.

(See page 425.)

Forged dimensions: outside diameter, 141 inches; inside diameter, 131 inches; width, 51 inches. Rough machined dimensions: outside diameter, 139 3/8 inches; inside diameter, 130 inches; width, 50 3/4 inches; weight, 28,840 pounds. Average physical properties shown in United States Standard test bar taken from full-sized prolongation of end of forging: Elastic limit, 53,560 pounds per square inch. Elongation, 27.05 per cent.

Turret for Two Twelve-inch Guns for United States Battleship "Alabama."

(See page 426.)

Balanced type. Thickness of inclined plate, 14 inches; of side plates, 10 inches. Height of side plates, 7 feet. Largest diameter of turret, 393 inches. Weight of turret, 192.41 tons.

Conning Tower and Entrance Shield for United States Battleship "Massachusetts."

(See page 426.)

Conning tower, one piece hollow forging, nickel steel, oil tempered. Thickness of walls, 10 inches. Inside diameter, 83 inches. Height, 82 1/2 inches. Top plate, nickel steel, oil-tempered, 1 1/2 inches thick. Shield, face-hardened nickel steel, 10 inches thick, 66 inches high.

Safe Deposit Armor Plate Vault.

Size, 42 feet 6 inches by 24 feet 6 inches by 9 feet 6 inches high; weight, 450 gross tons.

Courtesy of the Bethlehem Steel Co.

Front Door, with Time Lock, for Armor Plate Safe Deposit Vault.

Thickness of front door plate, 12 1/2 inches; weight of door plate, 12,000 pounds.

Courtesy of the Bethlehem Steel Co.

Reproduced by permission of the Philadelphia Museums. CASTING PlG IRON.

Molten iron from the blast furnace in the rear is allowed to flow out on this molding floor in which the shape of the "pig" is molded in the sand. After cooling, the pigs are broken apart and stored.

Courtesy of Inidiana Steel Co. OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES

Iron is converted into steel by the basic or open-hearth method in the furnaces shown here. The 100-ton ladles are in position at the tapping side of the furnaces to receive the molten steel.

Reproduced by permission of the Philadelphia Museums. POURING STEEL INTO MOLDS.

The great ladle in the upper portion of this picture is filled with steel at the furnace. A traveling crane then takes it to the train of flat cars on which the molds stand and the steel is poured. After cooling, the molds are removed and the steel in the form of a "billet" is taken to the next process in manufacture.

Girdling the Earth with Steel.

A steel beam, red-hot, drawn out 90 feet long in a huge steel mill in Pittsburgh. Steel rolled here may find its place as part of a skyscraper in the Babel of New York, be builded into the framework of a vessel in the shipyards of San Francisco, or help to construct a railroad into the heart of China.

Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.

Armor Plate Forging Press.

The Bethlehem Steel Company installed this great hydraulic press to replace a 135-ton steam hammer, which was abandoned because the shock of its blow disturbed the alignment of the big machines in nearby shops. This press is the largest of its kind in the world, having a capacity of 15,000 tons, induced by pressure as much as 7000-pouads per square inch in its two hydraulic cylinders of over 50 1/2 inches diameter.

Making Armor Plate.

View of the armor plate machine shop at the Bethlehem Steel Company. The varied and complex machining required on armor plate demands tools of enormous size and strength as well as varied purpose. In this shop the different groups of armor are assembled in the position they will occupy on the vessel for which they are intended, and inspected before shipment.

Courtesy of Bethlehem Steel C,c. FORGING.

One-piece, 90-degree, double-throw crank shaft for 5,400 H. P. gas engine. Diameter of shaft, 37 inches, with 10-inch hole. Length over all, 25 feet 5 inches. Crank webs, 16 3/8 inches thick, 6 feet 1 1/2 inches long, 4 feet 1 inch wide. Forged weight of shaft, 133,400 pounds. Finished weight, 83,855 pounds.

We have always said "a white elephant" when we have meant something we didn't know what to do with, since the King of Siam first sent a white elephant to a courtier whose fortune he wished to destroy.