Appendix to Part I

Description

This section is from the book "Building Construction And Superintendence", by F. E. Kidder. Also available from Amazon: Building Construction And Superintendence.

Appendix to Part I

The following tables relating to the properties and chemical composition of building stones, and to stone buildings, have been compiled by the author from various sources (principally from several volumes of Stone and Merrill's Stones for Building and Decoration), and are believed to be reliable:

Table A. Showing The Weight, Crushing Strength And Ratio Of Absorption Of Various Building Stones

Kind of Stone.	Locality.	Approximate size of cube in inches.	Position.	Strength per square inch.	Weight per cubic foot.	Ratio of Absorption.
Granite (Biotite).....	Vinalhaven, Me........	2	Bed	15,698	163	.....
"	Dix Island, Me.......	2	....	15,000*	166.5	....
"	Hurricane Island, Me....	2	Bed	14,425*	166.9	....
"	" ".......	2	Edge	14,937*	166.9	.....
"	Fox Island, Me.......	2	........	14,875*	164.1	.....
"	Keene, N. H........	2	Bed	10,375	166	1/800
Granite (Hornblende)	Cape Ann, Mass.......	2	Bed	12,423*	............	........
"	" "...........	2	Bed	19,500*	............	........
	Rockport, Mass........	2	Bed	16,300	163.2	1/152
	Rockport, Mass........	2	Edge	19,750	163.2	1/152
"	Quincy, Mass.....	2	........	17,750†	166.2	........
"	"................	2	..........	14,750†	168.7	........
Granite (Biotite)..........	Milford, Conn.....	6	........	22,610	.........	........
"	Westerly, R.I............	2	.......	17.500	165.6	........
"	"...............	2	Edge	14,937*	166.9	........
"	Huron Island, Mich......	2	Bed	18,125	164.4	1/659
"	" "............	2	Edge	14,425	163.7	1/363
Granite (Hornblende)	East Saint Cloud, Minn.	2	Bed	28,000	168.2	• • • •
Granite (Hornblende)	East Saint Cloud, Minn.	2	Edge	26,250	168.2	• • • •
"	Saint Cloud, Minn......	2	Bed	16,000	168.2	1/239
"	Saint Cloud, Minn......	2	Edge	18,500	168.2	1/239
Granite (Gabbro)............	Duluth, Minn........	2	Bed	17,631	175	• • •
Granite (Biotite)....	Tarrytown, N.Y........	2	Bed	18,250†	162.2	• • • •
"	Staten Island, N. Y......	2	Bed	22,250}	178.8	• • • •
"	Gunnison, Colo.......	2	Bed	12,976	.006	• • • •
"	Gunnison, Colo.......	2	Edge	15,594	.006	• • • •
"	Platte Canon, Colo....	2	Bed	14,585	.006	• • • •
"	Platte Canon, Colo....	2	Edge	14,634	.006	• • • •
Limestone (Dolomite)	Joliet, Ill.......	2	Bed	14,775*	160	1/94
"	Lemont, Ill.........	2	Bed	12,000*	165.3	1/89
"	Quincy, Ill...........	2	Bed	9.687*	160.6	1/180
Limestone (Oolitic)	Bedford, Ind.........	. .	• • • •	6,500	147	1/24
"	"............	. .	• • • •	10,125	152.4	1/32
"	" (buff)..........	....	..........	14,000‡	........	........
"	Salem, Ind........	. .	....	8,625	144.3	1/22
Limestone (Dolomite)	Stillwater, Minn.......	2	Bed	25,000	172.6	1/251
Limestone (Dolomite)	Stillwater, Minn.......	2	Edge	25,000	172.6	1/251
"	"..................	2	Bed	10,750	160.4	1/40
"	"..................	2	Edge	12,750	160.4	1/40

* Burst suddenly. † Cracked before bursting ‡ Tests made at U. S. Arsenal, Watertown, Mass.

TABLE A, - (Continued.)

Kind of Stone.	Locality.	Approximate size of cube in inches.	Position.	Strength per square inch.	Weight per cubic foot.	Ratio of Absorption.
Limestone (Dolomite)....	Red Wing, Minn.......	2	Bed	23,000	162.2	1/40
Limestone (Dolomite)....	Red Wing, Minn.......	2	Edge	23,250	162.2	1/40
Limestone (Magnesian)...	Glens Falls, N. Y........	2	Bed	11,475	168.8	....
Limestone (Magnesian)...	Glens Falls, N. Y........	2	Edge	10,750	168.8	....
"	Lake Champlain, N. Y.	2	Bed	25,000	171.9	....
"	Lake Champlain, N. Y.	2	Edge	21,500	171.9	....
Marble (Dolomite).....	Lee, Mass............	6	Bed	22,900	......
" ......	Centre Rutland, Vt......	6 ‡	....	10,746	166.6	.........
" ..........	Dorset, Vt...........	2	Edge	8,670	167.8	..........
" ..........	"Cherokee," Georgia.....	6		10,976	......	......
" ..........	" ..........	4‡		13,415	......	......
" ..........	" ..........	4 ‡		11,822	......	......
" ..........	"Creole," Georgia.....	6		12,078	......	......
" ..........	" ..........	4 ‡		11,420	......	......
" ..........	" ..........	4 ‡		15,512	......	......
" ..........	"Etowah," Georgia........	6		10,642	......	......
" ..........	" ..........	4 ‡		14,217	......	......
" ..........	" ..........	4 ‡		13,888	......	......
" ..........	" Kennesaw," Georgia	4 ‡		8,354	......	......
" ..........	" ..........	4 ‡		10,771	......	......
Marble (Pink)......	East Tennessee.......	2		15,750	......	1/1220
Marble (White).......	" ..........	2		17,212	......	1/1240
" ..........	" ..........	2		14,812	......	1/1480
Marble (Dark Pink).......	" ..........	1		I3.750	......	1/1070
Sandstone (Brownstone)......	Portland, Conn.........	2½‡		13,980	......	......
" ..........	" ..........	2½‡		13,330	......	......
" ..........	" ..........	3 ‡		13,920	......	......
" ..........	" ..........	3 ‡		15,020	......	......
" ..........	" ..........	2½‡		9,900	......	......
" ..........	Cromwell, Conn........	2½‡	Bed	12,250	Average of 6 tests
Sandstone (Con.)......					Average of 6 tests
" Brown (soft)...	East Longmeadow, Mass	4‡		8,437	......	......
(hard)..	" ..........	4 ‡		14,085	......	......
" (Kibbe).....	" ..........	6 ‡		12,619	......	......
" ..........	Potsdam, N. Y.........	2 ‡		18,401	......	......
" ..........	" ..........	2‡		42,000	......	......
" (lilac color).....	Medina, N. Y........	2	Bed	17,250	150.6	1/55
" (light).......	North Amherst, Ohio.......	2	Edge	5,450	133.7	1/19
" "............	" ".........	2	Bed	6,212	135.8	1/19
" "........	Berea, Ohio.........	6	Bed	6,510	......	......
" ".............	" ..........	2	Bed	8,222	134	1/21
" "...........	Cleveland, Ohio..........	2	Bed	6,800	140	1/37
" "............	Hummelstown, Pa........	6	Bed	12,810	......	......
" "............	Fond du Lac, Wis.......	2	Bed	6,237	138.8	1/22
" (hard, red).......	Saint Vrains, Colo........	2	Bed	11,505	149.3*	.061
" (hard, gray).......	Fort Collins, Colo.......	2	Bed	11,707	140.7	.072
" "........	Stout, Colo..........	2	Bed	10,514	141.2	. 066
(light red).......	Manitou, Colo............	2 ‡	Bed	11,000	140	....
" ".............	" ...........	2	Bed	6,000	......	....

*Burst suddenly. † Cracked before bursting.

‡ Tests made at U. S. Arsenal, Watertown, Mass.

TABLE A. - (Continued.) SLATE.

Locality.	Modulus of Rupture.		Weight per cubic foot.	Porosity.	Corrodibility.
Albion, Penn.............................	7,150	lbs.	173.2	0.238	0.547
Old Bangor, Penn.......................	9,810	"	173.5	0.145	0.446
Peach bottom region, Penn..................	11,260	"	180.4	0.224	0.226

Table B. Showing The Chemical Composition Of Various Building Stones.* Granites

Description.	Locality.	Silica.	Alumina.	Iron Oxides.	Lime.	Potash and Soda.
Light.........	Monson, Mass...............	73.47	15.07	1.15	4.48	5.97
Dark............	"...........................	69.35	18.83	2.00	5.94	3.78
Hornblende........	East Saint Cloud, Minn.	65.12	16.96	4.69	4.77	5.25
" ..............................	".....................	74.43	12.68	3.82	1.28	3.88
Diabose.............	Duluth, Minn....................	50.43	23.83	17.63	4.79	2.40
Gabbro..............	................................	48.51	13.79	19.34	8.34	t.86

Sandstones

Description.	Locality.	Silica.	Alumina.	Iron Oxides.	Lime.	Water and Loss.
Maynard (red).....	E. Longmeadow, Mass..	79.38	8.75	2.43	2.57	2.79
Worcester (red)............	" "..	88.89	5.95	1.79	.27	1.83
Kibbe quartz.......	" " ..	81.38	9.44	3.54	.76	4.49
Brownstone..........	Portland, Conn	69.94	13.15	2.48	3.09	1.01
" ...................	" ...................	70.11	13.49	4.85	2.39	7.37†
Sandstone	Stony Point, Mich	84.57	5.90	6.48		1.92
Portage Entry (red)...	Lake Superior, Mich	94.73	0.36	2.64	0.69	.83
Quartzite........	Pipestone, Minn	84.52	12.33	2.12	0.31	2.31
Buff	Amherst, Ohio	97.00		1.00	1.15	.21
Berea.......	Berea, Ohio.........	96.90		1.68	. 55	.32
Euclid Bluestone..........	Euclid County, Ohio	95.00	2.50	1.00		1.50
Columbia	Columbia, Ohio	96.50				2.00
Red	Laurel Run, Pa	94.00		1.90	1.10	1.92
Elyria..........	Grafton, Ohio	87.66	1.72	3.52	. 17	2.03
Sandstone	Fond du Lac, Minn	78.24	10.88	3.83	.95	....
" ...................	Flagstaff, Arizona	79.19	3.75		7.76	3.26
" ...................	Dorchester, N. Brunsw'k	82.52	7.07	3.55	1.83	3.61

*Some minor elements occurring in very small quantities and not affecting the durability of the stone are omitted.

† Potash and soda.

Table B. - (Continued.) Limestones Other Than Marbles

Description.	Locality.	Carbonate of Lime.	Carbonate of Magnesia.	Oxides of Iron.	Oxide of Aluminium.	Silica and insoluble residue.	Water and Loss.
Dolomite.............	Lemont, Ill...............	45.80	..........	2.30	7.00	15.90	6.90
Oolitic..............	Bedford, Ind..........	96.60	0.13	0.98		0.50	0.96
" ..............................	" ..............................	97.26	o.37	0.49	....	1.69	0.19
" (buff)...............	" ..............................	98.20	o.39	o.39	....	0.63
" (blue)...............	" ..............................	97.26	o.37	0.49	....	1.69
" ..............................	Spencer, Ind..............	96.80	0.11	0.91	....	0.70	0.92
Oolitic..................	Bowling Green, Ky....	95.31	1.12	o.39		1.42	1.76
Dolomite....................	Minneapolis, Minn...........	54.53	36	0.90	3.16	16.22	o.375
" ..............................	" ..............................	41.88	24.55	4.03	....	29.93
" ..............................	" ..............................	75.48	6.81	1.70	....	14.45	1.60
" ..............................	Kasota, Minn..............	49.16	37.53	1.09		13.06
" ..............................	Stillwater, Minn............	50.22	37.39	0.78	0.64	8.54
" ..............................	Frontenac, Minn..........	54.78	42.53	0.36	0.31	2.93
Limestone...........	Dayton, Ohio..........	92.40	1.10	0.58		1.70	1.08
Dolomite................	Springfield, Ohio.........	54.70	44.93	0.20	....	0.10
Limestone (Caen).........	Aubigney, France.........	97.60				1.70
"(Oolitic).......	Portland, England.........	95.16	1.20	0.50	....	1.20	1.94

Marbles

Description.	Locality.	Carbonate of Lime.	Carbonate of Magnesia.	Oxides of Iron and Aluminum.	Insoluble Residue.
Dolomite.............	Hastings, N. Y.......	52.82	45.78	....
" (white)...........	Sing Sing, N. Y............	53.24	45.89	...
" ..............................	Tuckahoe, N. Y...........	61.75	38.25	....
" (white)	Pleasantville, N.Y......	54.62	45.04	0.23
" ..............................	Lee, Mass.............	54.62	43.93	. 365
Limestone (whit	Rutland, Vt............	97.73		.59	1.68
" (greenish)	" ..............................	85.45		14.55	....
" (white)......	West Rutland, Vt........	98.00		..........	0.57
" (bluish gray).....	Proctor, Vt............	98.37	0.79	0.005	0.63
"(light colored).	" ..............................	96.30	306	....	0.63
" ..............................	East Tennessee.......	98.78	0.67	0.26	.08
Georgia Marble Co.....	Georgia..........	97.32	1.60	.26	• ...............
Southern Marble Co......	" ..............................	98.96	0.13	.22	• • . •
" ..............................	" ..............................	98.52	0.88	....	• • • •
Carrara (white)..........	Italy..........	99.24	0.28	....	• • . •
" ..............................	" ..............................	98.76	0.9	1.08	0.16

Table B. - (Continued.) Onyx Marbles

Source.	Color.	Weight per cubic foot.	Carbonate of Lime.	Carbonate of Magnesia.	Carbonate of Iron.
Hacienda del Carmen, Mexico..........	Light green	171.87	89.36	3.00	5.24
Mayer's Station, Arizona..............	" ...........................	171.87	93.93	0.56	5.50
" " ..............................	Red brown..........	166.87	93.82	o.53	4.06
Cave Creek, Arizona..................	Light green..............	171.87	93.48	1.07	5.19
Suisin City, California................	Dark amber............	170.62	95.48	2.20	....
Sulphur Creek,.................	" ...........................	167.5	.....	.........	....
San Luis Obispo, California..............	White...............	170	93.68	1.43	3.93
Rio Puerco, Valencia County, New Mexico...............................	Light green..............	179.37	.......	.....	.......
New Pedrara, Lower California...........	Faintly green..............	174.37	90.16	1.66	6.97
" " ..............................	White, rose tinted........	173	93.48	1.68	4.19
" " ..............................	White......................	174	96.86	0.24	2.79
" " ..............................	Faintly green...............	174.37	91.09	0.64	7.49
Near Lehi, Utah..............................	Yellow...................	170	97.61	0.23	....

Slates

Source.	Silica.*	Alumina.*	Protoxide of Iron.*	Peroxide of Iron.*	Magnesia.	Alkalies.
Rutland County, Vt. (sea green)..........	65.02	16.02	5.44	2.99	2.00	4.16
" (unfading green)........	64.71	7.84	5.44	7.23	1.63	6.92
" (purple).........	62.37	13.40	4.21	7.66	0.90	7.20
Granville, N. Y. (red)..............	73.97	5.16	1.74	10.17	1.43	3.92
Old Bangor, Penn. (dark)...............	56.97	26.05			2.69	2.31
Albion, Penn. (dark)......................	55.18	........	25.57	carbon	2.10	4.00
Peach Bottom Region, Penn. (dark).........	58.37	21.98	10.66	0.93	1.20	1.93