If the instrument is negotiable, and is in the hands of bona fide holder, the question of negligence is held the test of liability. If the maker signed without knowing the nature of the instrument and was free from negligence,1 as in case of illiteracy,2 as where he could not read, and a note of one thousand dollars was read to him as one hundred dollars, and the name of the payee was changed,3 the note is unenforceable, even in the hands of a bona fide holder. If the maker signed through negligence, he is liable to a bona fide holder of such paper.4

2 California. Moore v. Copp, 119 Cal. 429, 51 Ac. 630.

Indian. Robinson v. Glass, 94 Ind. 211.

Iowa. Rider v. Kelso, 53 la. 367, 5 N. W. 509.

Kentucky. Wiley v. Wiley, 178 Ky. 501, 199 S. W. 47.

Michigan. McGinn v. Tobey, 62 Mich. 252, 28 N. W. 818.

New York. Smith v. Smith, 134 N. Y. 62, 30 Am. St. Rep. 617, 31 N. E. 258.

Oregon. Foster v. University Lumber & Shingle Co., 65 Or. 46, 131 Ac. 736.

Rhode Island. Bowen v. Wolff, 23 R. I. 56, 49 Atl. 395.

3 Rider v. Kelso, 53 la. 367, 5 N. W. 509,

4 Smith v. Smith, 134 N. Y. 62, 30 Am. St. Rep. 617, 31 N. E. 258.

5 McGinn v: Tobey, 62 Mich. 252, 28 N. W. 818.

6 Hale v. Hale, 62 W. Va. 609, 14 L. R. A. (N.S.) 221, 59 S. E. 1056. See also, Morgan v. Owens, 228 111. 598. 81

N. E. 1135; Wiley v. Wiley, 178 Ky. 501, 199 S. W. 47

1 Maine. Biddeford National Bank v. Hill, 102 Me. 346, 120 Am. St. Rep. 499, 66 Atl. 721.

Massachusetts. Costelo v. Barnard, 190 Mass. 260, 112 Am. St. Rep. 328, 76 N. E. 599.

Nebraska. Willard v. Nelson, 35 Neb. 651, 37 Am. St. Rep. 455, 53 N. W. 572.

Ohio. DeCamp v. Hamma, 29 O. S. 467.*

Washington. Yakima Valley Bank v. McAllister, 37 Wash. 566, 107 Am. St. Rep. 823, 79 Ac. 1119.

Wisconsin. Walker v. Ebert, 29 Wis. 194, 9 Am. Rep. 548; Keller v. Ruppold, 115 Wis. 636, 95 Am. St. Rep. 974, 92 N. W. 364.

2 Keller v. Ruppold, 115 Wis. 636, 95 Am. St. Rep. 974, 92 N. W. 364.

3 Green v. Wilkie, 98 la. 74, 60 Am. St. Rep. 184, 36 L. R. A. 434, 66 N. W. 1046.

An assignee who takes with notice of the fraud can not enforce it against the maker.5