From the nature of the independent covenant,1 the essential characteristic of which is that the parties intend that the performance thereof shall not depend upon the performance of the covenant of the adversary party,2 it follows that the breach or non-performance of such covenant does not operate as a discharge of the covenants which, by the terms of the contract, are to be performed by the adversary party.3 If such independent covenant is broken, the adversary party has a right of action for damages thereon, but he can not treat such breach as a discharge.4 If the time for the performance of such covenant has not yet arrived, the independent covenant on the part of the adversary party may be enforced notwithstanding such non-performance.5 It is accordingly not necessary that the party who seeks to enforce such independent covenant should allege either performance or tender, or even readiness and willingness to perform, together with an offer to perform and a request for performance by the adversary party.6 These are the necessary consequences that follow from the intention of the parties that either shall perform without reference to the duty of the adversary party to perform.

10Hawley v. Bingham, 6 Or. 70.

11 Hutchings v. Moore, 61 Ky. (4 Met.) 110.

12 Hutching* v. Moore, 61 Ky. (4 Met.) 110.

1 See Sec. 2971.

2 See Sec. 2071.

3 England. Ware v. Chappell, Style 186; Boon v. Eyre, 1 H. Bl. 273, note; Bettini v. Gye, 1 Q. B. D. 183; Bach v. Owen, 5 T. R. 409; Campbell v. Jones, 6 T. R. 570.

United States. Emigrant Company v. Adams County, 100 U. S. 61, 25 L. ed. 563; Mercantile Trust Co. v. Hen-sey, 205 U. S. 298, 51 L. ed. 811 [affirming, Mercantile Trust Co. v. Hensey, 27 D. C. App. 210]; Kauffman v. Raeder, 108 Fed. 171, 54 L. R. A. 247, 47 C. C. A. 278.

California. Fresno Canal & Irrigation Co. v. Perrin, 170 Cal. 411, 149 Pac. 805.

Iowa. GaLt v. Provan, 131 la. 277, 108 N. W. 760.

Kansas. Loveland v. Kibbey, 103 Kan. 202, 173 Pac. 976.

Kentucky. Big Run Coal Co. v. Employers' Indemnity Co., 163 Ky. 596, 174 S. W. 25.

Maine. Lombard Water-wheel Governor Co. v. Great Northern Paper Co.,

101 Me. 114, 6 L. R. A. (N.S.) 180, 63 Atl. 555.

Maryland. Havre De Grace Real Estate & Power Co. v. Havre De Grace,

102 Md. 33, 61 Atl. 662. Massachusetts. International Textbook Co. v. Martin, 221 Mass. 1, 108 N. E. 469.

Missouri. Con P. Curran Printing Co. v. St. Louis, 213 Mo. 22, 111 S. W. 812.

Nebraska. Barr v. Little, 64 Neb. 556, 74 N. W. 850.

New Jersey. Kinney v. Federal Laundry Co., 75 N. J. L. 497, 68 Atl.

111. New Mexico. Glaser v. Dannelley,

23 N.'M. 593, 170 Pac. 63.

New York. Tracy v. Albany Exchange Co., 7 N. Y. 472; Rosenthal Paper Co. v. National Folding Box & Paper Co., 226 N. Y. 313, 123 N. E. 766.

North Carolina. Statesville Flour Milk Co. v. Wayne Distributing Co., 171 N. Car. 708, 88 S. E. 771.

Oregon. Pacific Mill Co. v. Inman, 46 Or. 352, 114 Am. St. Rep. 873, 80 Pac. 424.

Vermont. Tichnor v. Evans, 92 Vt. 278, L. R. A. 1918C, 1025, 102 Atl. 1031.

Washington. Crampton v. McLaughlin Realty Co., 51 Wash. 525, 21 L. R. A. (N.S.) 823, 99 Pac. 586; Spokane Canal Co. v. Coffman, 54 Wash. 645, 103 Pac. 1106; Benham v. Columbia Canal Co., 74 Wash. 110, 132 Pac. 884.

Wisconsin. Bibelhausen v. Bibel-hausen, 159 Wis. 365, 150 N. W. 516.

4 England. Ware v. Chappell, Style 186; Campbell v. Jones, 6 T. R. 570; Boon v. Eyre, 1 H. BL 273, note; Bettini v. Gye, 1 Q. B. D. 183.

Kansas. Loveland v. Kibbey, 103 Kan. 292, 173 Pac. 976.

Massachusetts, International Textbook Co. v. Martin, 221 Maes. 1, 108 N. E. 469.

Missouri. Con P. Curran Printing Co. v. St. Louis, 213 Mo. 22, 111 S. W. 812.

New Jersey. Kinney v. Federal Laundry Co., 75 N. J. L. 497, 68 Atl. 111.

New Mexico. Glaser v. Dannelley, 23 N. M. 593, 170 Pac. 63.

New York. Rosenthal Paper Co. v. National Folding Box & Paper Co., 226 N. Y. 313. 123 N. E. 766.

North Carolina. Statesville Flour Mills Co. v. Wayne Distributing Co., 171 N. Car. 708, 88 S. E. 771.

Vermont. Tichnor v. Evans, 92 Vt. 278, L. R. A. 1918C, 1025, 102 Atl. 1031.

Washington. Crampton y. McLaughlin Realty Co., 51 Wash. 525, 21 L. R. A. (N.S.) 823, 99 Pac. 586; Spokane Canal Co. v. Coffman, 54 Wash. 645, 103 Pac. 1106; Benham v. Columbia Canal Co., 74 Wash. 110, 132 Pac. 884.

5 International Text-book Co. v. Martin, 221 Mass. 1, 108 N. E. 469; Statesville Flour Mills Co. v. Wayne Distributing Co., 171 N. Car. 708, 88 S. E. 771.

6 England. Bach v. Owen, 5 T. R. 409; Campbell v. Jones, 6 T. R. 570.

California. Fresno Canal & Irrigation Co. v. Perrin, 170 Cal. 411, 140 Pac. 805.

Iowa. Galt v. Provan, 131 la. 277, 108 N. W. 760.