1786

Establishment of the double standard in the United States with a ratio of 1 to 15.25; that is, on the basis of 123.134 grains of fine gold for the half eagle, or $5 piece, and 375.64 grains of fine silver for the dollar, without any actual coinage.

1792

Adoption of the ratio of 1 to 15 and establishment of a mint with free and gratuitous coinage in the United States; the silver dollar equal to 371 1/4 grains fine, the eagle to 247 1/2 grains fine.

1803

Establishment of the double standard in France on the basis of the ratio of 1 to 15 1/2, notwithstanding the fact that the market ratio was then about 1 to 15.

1810

Introduction of the silver standard in Russia on the basis of the ruble of 17.99 grams of fine silver, followed in 1871 by the coinage of imperials, or gold pieces of 5 rubles, of 5.998 grams; therefore, with a ratio of 1 to 15. This ratio was changed by the increase of the imperial to 5 rubles 15 copecks, and later to 1 to 15.45.

1815

Great depreciation of paper money in England, reaching 26 1/2 per cent in May. Course of gold, £5 6s and of silver 71 1/2d per ounce standard. In December the loss was only 6 per cent; gold at this period was quoted at £4 3s and of silver at 64d.

1816

Abolition of the double standard in England, which had had as its basis the ratio of 1 to 15.21, and adoption of the gold standard on the basis of the pound sterling at 7.322 grams fine in weight.

Coinage of divisional money at the rate of 66d per ounce. Extreme prices, £4 2s for gold and 64d for silver in January, £3 18s 6d and 59 1/4d in December.

Substitution for the ratio of 1 to 15.5 in Holland, established by a rather confused coinage, of the ratio of 1 to 15%.

1819

Abolition of forced currency in England. Price of gold, £3 17s 10 1/2d and of silver 62d per ounce in October, against £4 1s 6d and 67d in February. (The price of silver given hereafter represents the average rate per ounce standard - that is, the mean between the highest price and the lowest price quoted during the year.)

1832

Introduction of the monetary system of France in Belgium, with a decree providing for the coinage of pieces of 20 and 40 francs, which, however, were not stamped. Silver, 59 3/4d.

1834

Substitution of the ratio of 1 to 16 for that of 1 to 15 in the United States by reducing the weight of the eagle, ten-dollar gold piece, from 270 grains to 258 grains.

In 1837 the fineness of the United States gold coins was raised from .899225 to .900, and the silver coins from .8924 to .900, giving a ration of 1 to 15.988, and fixing the standard weight of the silver dollar at 412 1/2 grains. Silver, 59 ll-16d.

1835

Introduction of the company rupee, a piece of silver weighing 165 grains fine, in India in place of the sicca rupee. Creation of a trade coin - the mohur, or piece of 15 rupees - containing 165 grains of fine gold. Silver, 59 ll-16d.