1847

Abolition of the double standard in Holland by the introduction of the silver standard on the basis of a 1-florin piece .945 grams fine, the coinage of which had already been decreed in 1839. Silver, 59 ll-16d.

1847

Discovery of the gold mines of California.

1848

Coinage in Belgium of pieces of 10 and 25 francs in gold, a shade too light. These pieces were demonetized and withdrawn from circulation in 1884. Silver, 59 l/2d.

1848

Replacing the ratio of 1 to 16 in Spain, which had been in force since 1786, by that of 1 to 15.77.

1850

Introduction of the French monetary system in Switzerland without any actual coinage of gold pieces. Silver, 60 l-16d.

1851

Discovery of the gold mines in Australia.

1858

Lowering of the weight of silver pieces of less value than $1 to the extent of 7 per cent in the United States and limitation of their legal-tender power to $5. Silver, 61 1/2d.

1853

Maximum of the production of gold reached in California when it amounted to $65,000,000.

1854

Introduction of the gold standard in Portugal on the basis of the crown of 16.257 grams fine. Before this period the country had the silver standard, with a rather large circulation of gold coins stamped, on the basis of 1 to 15% in 1835 and 1 to 16% in 1847. Silver, 61 1/2d.

1854

Modification of the ratio of 1 to 15.77 in Spain by raising it to 1 to 15.48, and by lowering the piaster from 23.49 grams to 23.36 grams fine.

1854

Introduction of the silver standard, as it existed in the mother country, in Java, in place of the ideal Javanese money, and coinage of colonial silver pieces.

1857

Conclusion of a monetary treaty between Austria and the German States, in accordance with which 1 pound of fine silver (one-half a kilogram) was stamped into 30 thalers, or 52 1/2 florins of south Germany, or 45 Austrian florins, resulting in 1 thaler equaling 1 3/4 German florins, or 1 1/2 Austrian florin. Silver, 61 3/4d.

1861

Law decreeing the coinage of gold pieces of 10 and 20 francs exactly equal to French coins of the same denomination in Belgium. Silver, 61 3/4d.

1862

Adoption of the French monetary system by Italy. Silver, 61 7-16d.

1865

Formation of the Latin Union between France, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy on the basis of a ratio of 1 to 15%. Silver, 61 l-16d.

1868

Adoption of the French monetary system by Roumania, with the exclusion of the 5-franc silver piece, which was, however, stamped in 1881 and 1883. Silver, 60%d.

1868

Admission of Greece into the Latin Union. The definite and universal introduction of the French monetary system into the country was effected only in 1883.

1868

Adoption of the French monetary system, with the peseta or franc as the unit, by Spain. The coinage of gold alphonses d'or of 25 pesetas was made only in 1876.