This section is from the book "A Treatise On Beverages or The Complete Practical Bottler", by Charles Herman Sulz. Also available from Amazon: A Treatise On Beverages.
In order to use a hydrometer properly, it is necessary to observe two precautions:
1. The liquid to be tested should be at exactly the standard temperature (60° F. in the United States, 12.5° C. in Germany, 17.5° 0. in France, 16.5° C. in England) and free from air bubbles. If it is too warm, put the hydrometer jar in a cool place or surround it with water kept at the standard temperature, by means of ice if necessary. If it is too cool bring it into a warm room, and watch a thermometer immersed in the liquid, until it marks the standard temperature; then take its sj)ecific gravity with the hydrometer. Some rough corrections may be made for differences of temperature, but, except to chemists and experts, they are apt to confuse the operator.
2. It is best to fill the hydrometer jar to the top with the liquid, and read across it the degree indicated by the hydrometer. Looking through the glass jar sometimes causes errors in reading.
Table Showing the Relation of the Degrees of Baume's Hy-dbometer to specific gravities, as adopted in the united States.
For Liquids Heavier than Water.
Deg. | Sp.grav. | Deg. | Sp. grav. | Deg. | Sp. grav. | Deg. | Sp. grav. |
0 | 1 0000 | 19 | 1 1507 | 38 | 1.3551 | 57 | 1.6477 |
1 | 1.0069 | 20 | 1.1600 | 39 | 1.3679 | 58 | 1 6666 |
2 | 1.0139 | 21 | 1.1693 | 40 | 1.3809 | 59 | 1.6860 |
3 | 1.0211 | 22 | 1.1788 | 41 | 1.3942 | 60 | 1.7058 |
4 | 1.0283 | 23 | 1.1885 | 42 | 1.4077 | 61 | 1.7261 |
5 | 1.0357 | 24 | 1.1983 | 43 | 1.4215 | 62 | 1.7469 |
6 | 1.0431 | 25 | 1.2083 | 44 | 1.4356 | 63 | 1.7682 |
7 | 1.0507 | 26 | 1.2184 | 45 | 1.4500 | 64 | 1.7901 |
8 | 1 0583 | 27 | 1 2288 | 46 | 1.4646 | 65 | 1.8125 |
9 | 1.0661 | 28 | 1.2393 | 47 | 1.4795 | 66 | 1.8354 |
10 | 1.0740 | 29 | 1.2500 | 48 | 1.4949 | 67 | 1.8589 |
11 | 1.0820 | 30 | 1.2608 | 49 | 1.5104 | 68 | 1.8831 |
12 | 1.0902 | 31 | 1.2719 | 50 | 1.5263 | 69 | 1.9079 |
13 | 1.0984 | 32 | 1.2831 | 51 | 1.5425 | 70 | 1.9333 |
14 | 1.1068 | 33 | 1.2946 | 52 | 1.5591 | 71 | 1.9595 |
15 | 1.1153 | 34 | 1.3063 | 53 | 1.5760 | 72 | 1.9863 |
16 | 1.1240 | 35 | 1.3181 | 54 | 1.5934 | 73 | 2.0139 |
17 | 1.1328 | 36 | 1.3302 | 55 | 1.6111 | 74 | 2.0422 |
18 | 1.1417 | 37 | 1.3425 | 56 | 1.6292 | 75 | 2.0714 |
For Liquids Lighter than Water.
Deg. | Sp. grav. | Deg. | Sp. grav. | Deg. | Sp. grav. | Deg. | Sp. grav. |
10 | 1.0000 | 27 | 0.8917 | 44 | 0.8045 | 61 | 0.7329 |
11 | 0.9929 | 28 | 0.8860 | 45 | 0.8000 | 62 | 0.7290 |
12 | 0.9859 | 29 | 0.8805 | 46 | 0.7954 | 63 | 0.7253 |
13 | 0.9790 | 30 | 0.8750 | 47 | 0.7909 | 64 | 0.7216 |
14 | 0.9722 | 31 | 0.8695 | 48 | 0.7865 | 65 | 0.7179 |
15 | 0.9655 | 32 | 0.8641 | 49 | 0.7821 | 66 | 0.7142 |
16 | 0.9589 | 33 | 0.8588 | 50 | 0.7777 | 67 | 0.7106 |
17 | 0.9523 | 34 | 0.8536 | 51 | 0.7734 | 68 | 0.7070 |
18 | 0.9459 | 35 | 0.8484 | 52 | 0.7692 | 69 | 0.7035 |
19 | 0.9395 | 36 | 0.8433 | 53 | 0.7650 | 70 | 0.7000 |
20 | 0.9333 | 37 | 0.8383 | 54 | 0.7608 | 71 | 0.6965 |
21 | 0.9271 | 38 | 0.8333 | 55 | 0.7567 | 72 | 0.6930 |
22 | 0.9210 | 39 | 0.8284 | 56 | 0.7526 | 73 | 0.6896 |
23 | 0.9150 | 40 | 0.8235 | 57 | 0.7486 | 74 | 0.6863 |
24 | 0.9090 | 41 | 0.8187 | 58 | 0.7446 | ||
25 | 0.9032 | 42 | 0.8139 | 59 | 0.7407 | ||
26 | 0.8974 | 43 | 0.8092 | 60 | 0.7368 |
Table Showing the relation of the Degrees of Baume's, Beck's and Cartier's Hydrometers to Specific Gravity, as Employed in Germany and France.
For Liquids Heavier than Water.
Deg. | Baume 12.5° C. | Beck 12.5° C. | Deg. | Baume 12.5° C. | Beck 12.5° C. | Deg. | Baume 12.5° C. | Beck 12.5° C. |
0 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 25 | 1.205 | 1.172 | 51 | 1.531 | 1.428 |
1 | 1.007 | 1.006 | 26 | 1.215 | 1.180 | 52 | 1.547 | 1.440 |
2 | 1.014 | 1.012 | 27 | 1.225 | 1.188 | 53 | 1.564 | 1.453 |
3 | 1.021 | 1.018 | 28 | 1.235 | 1.197 | 54 | 1.581 | 1.465 |
4 | 1.028 | 1.024 | 29 | 1.246 | 1.205 | 55 | 1.598 | 1.478 |
5 | 1.035 | 1.030 | 30 | 1.256 | 1.214 | 56 | 1.615 | 1.491 |
6 | 1.043 | 1.036 | 31 | 1.267 | 1.223 | 57 | 1.633 | 1.504 |
7 | 1.050 | 1.043 | 32 | 1.278 | 1.232 | 58 | 1.652 | 1.518 |
8 | 1.058 | 1.049 | 33 | 1.289 | 1.241 | 59 | 1.670 | 1.531 |
9 | 1.065 | 1.056 | 34 | 1.301 | 1.250 | 60 | 1.690 | 1.545 |
10 | 1.072 | 1.062 | 35 | 1.312 | 1.259 | 61 | 1.709 | 1.559 |
11 | 1.081 | 1.069 | 36 | 1.324 | 1.268 | 62 | 1.730 | 1.564 |
12 | 1.089 | 1.076 | 37 | 1.336 | 1.278 | 63 | 1.750 | 1.588 |
13 | 1.097 | 1.082 | 38 | 1.348 | 1.288 | 64 | 1.771 | 1.603 |
14 | 1.105 | 1.089 | 39 | 1.361 | 1.297 | 65 | 1.793 | 1.619 |
15 | 1.113 | 1.096 | 40 | 1.374 | 1.307 | 66 | 1.815 | 1.634 |
16 | 1.122 | 1.104 | 41 | 1.387 | 1.317 | 67 | 1.837 | 1.650 |
17 | 1.131 | 1.111 | 42 | 1.400 | 1.328 | 68 | 1.861 | 1.666 |
18 | 1.140 | 1.118 | 43 | 1.413 | 1.338 | 69 | 1.880 | 1.683 |
19 | 1.148 | 1.125 | 44 | 1.427 | 1.349 | 70 | 1.909 | 1.700 |
20 | 1.157 | 1.133 | 45 | 1.441 | 1.360 | 71 | 1.934 | 1.717 |
21 | 1.167 | 1.141 | 46 | 1.455 | 1.371 | 72 | 1.960 | 1.734 |
22 | 1.176 | 1.148 | 47 | 1.470 | 1.382 | 73 | . . . . | 1.752 |
23 | 1.185 | 1.156 | 48 | 1.484 | 1.393 | 74 | . . . . | 1.774 |
24 | 1.195 | 1.164 | 49 | 1.500 | 1.405 | 75 | . . . . | 1.789 |
50 | 1.515 | 1.416 |
For Liquids Lighter than Water.
Deg. | Baume 12.5° C. | Beck 12.5° C. | Cartier 17.5° C. | Deg. | Baume 12.5° C. | Beck 12.5° C. | Cartier 12.5° C. |
35 | 0.854 | 0.829 | 0.842 | ||||
70 | ........ | 0.708 | 34 | 0.859 | 0.833 | 0.848 | |
69 | ........ | 0.711 | 33 | 0.864 | 0.837 | 0.853 | |
68 | ........ | 0.714 | 32 | 0.869 | 0.841 | 0.859 | |
67 | ........ | 0.717 | 31 | 0.874 | 0.845 | 0.865 | |
66 | ....... | 0.720 | 30 | 0.880 | 0.850 | 0.871 | |
65 | ....... | 0.723 | 29 | 0.885 | 0.854 | 0.877 | |
64 | ....... | 0.726 | 28 | 0.890 | 0.858 | 0.883 | |
63 | ....... | 0.729 | 27 | 0.896 | 0.863 | 0.889 | |
62 | ....... | 0.732 | 26 | 0.901 | 0.867 | 0.895 | |
61 | ........ | 0.736 | 25 | 0.907 | 0.872 | 0.901 | |
60 | 0.745 | 0.739 | 24 | 0.913 | 0.876 | 0.908 | |
59 | 0.749 | 0.742 | 23 | 0.918 | 0.880 | 0.914 | |
58 | 0.753 | 0.745 | 22 | 0.924 | 0.885 | 0.921 | |
57 | 0.757 | 0.749 | 21 | 0.930 | 0.890 | 0.928 | |
56 | 0.760 | 0.752 | 20 | 0.936 | 0.894 | 0.934 | |
55 | 0.764 | 0.755 | 19 | 0.942 | 0.899 | 0.941 | |
54 | 0.768 | 0.759 | 18 | 0.948 | 0.904 | 0.948 | |
53 | 0.773 | 0.762 | 17 | 0.954 | 0.909 | 0.955 | |
52 | 0.777 | 0.765 | 16 | 0.961 | 0.914 | 0.962 | |
51 | 0.781 | 0.769 | 15 | 0.967 | 0.919 | 0.970 | |
50 | 0.785 | 0.772 | 14 | 0.973 | 0.924 | 0.977 | |
49 | 0.789 | 0.776 | 13 | 0.980 | 0.929 | 0.985 | |
48 | 0.794 | 0.780 | 12 | 0.987 | 0.934 | 0.992 | |
47 | 0.798 | 0.783 | 11 | 0.993 | 0.939 | ||
46 | 0.802 | 0.787 | 10 | 1.000 | 0.944 | ||
45 | 0.807 | 0.790 | 9 | ....... | 0.949 | ||
44 | 0.811 | 0.794 | 8 | ....... | 0.955 | ||
43 | 0.816 | 0.798 | 0.800 | 7 | ....... | 0.960 | |
42 | 0.820 | 0.802 | 0.805 | 6 | ....... | 0.966 | |
41 | 0.825 | 0.806 | 0.810 | 5 | ....... | 0.971 | |
40 | 0.830 | 0.809 | 0.815 | 4 | ....... | 0.977 | |
39 | 0.834 | 0.813 | 0.821 | 3 | ....... | 0.982 | |
38 | 0.839 | 0.817 | 0.826 | 2 | ....... | 0.988 | |
37 | 0.844 | 0.821 | 0.831 | 1 | ....... | 0.994 | |
36 | 0.849 | 0.825 | 0.837 | 0 | ....... | 1.000 |
Table Showing the Relation of the Degrees of Twaddel's Hydrometer to Specific Gravity, as Adopted in England.
For Liquids Heavier than Water, Temp. 16.5° C.
Deg. | Sp. grav. | Deg. | Sp . grav. | Deg. | Sp. grav. | Deg. | Sp. grav. |
0 | 1.000 | 50 | 1.250 | 100 | 1.500 | 150 | 1.750 |
1 | 1.005 | 51 | 1.255 | 101 | 1.505 | 151 | 1.755 |
2 | 1.010 | 52 | 1.260 | 102 | 1.510 | 152 | 1.760 |
3 | 1.015 | 53 | 1.265 | 103 | 1.515 | 153 | 1.765 |
4 | 1.020 | 54 | 1.270 | 104 | 1.520 | 154 | 1.770 |
5 | 1.025 | 55 | 1.275 | 105 | 1.525 | 155 | 1.775 |
6 | 1.030 | 56 | 1.280 | 106 | 1.530 | 156 | 1.780 |
7 | 1.035 | 57 | 1.285 | 107 | 1.535 | 157 | 1.785 |
8 | 1.040 | 58 | 1.290 | 108 | 1.540 | 158 | 1.790 |
9 | 1.045 | 59 | 1.295 | 109 | 1.545 | 159 | 1.795 |
10 | 1.050 | 60 | 1.300 | 110 | 1.550 | 160 | 1.800 |
11 | 1.055 | 61 | 1.305 | 111 | 1.555 | 161 | 1.805 |
12 | 1.060 | 62 | 1.310 | 112 | 1.560 | 162 | 1.810 |
13 | 1.065 | 63 | 1.315 | 113 | 1.565 | 163 | 1.815 |
14 | 1.070 | 64 | 1.320 | 114 | 1.570 | 164 | 1.820 |
15 | 1.075 | 65 | 1.325 | 115 | 1.575 | 165 | 1.825 |
16 | 1.080 | 66 | 1.330 | 116 | 1.580 | 166 | 1.830 |
17 | 1.085 | 67 | 1.335 | 117 | 1.585 | 167 | 1.835 |
18 | 1.090 | 68 | 1.340 | 118 | 1.590 | 188 | 1.840 |
19 | 1.095 | 69 | 1.345 | 119 | 1.595 | 169 | 1.845 |
20 | 1.100 | 70 | 1.350 | 120 | 1.600 | 170 | 1.850 |
21 | 1.105 | 71 | 1.355 | 121 | 1.605 | 171 | 1.855 |
22 | 1.110 | 72 | 1.360 | 122 | 1.610 | 172 | 1.860 |
23 | 1.115 | 73 | 1.365 | 123 | 1.615 | 173 | 1.865 |
24 | 1.120 | 74 | 1.370 | 124 | 1.620 | 174 | 1.870 |
25 | 1.125 | 75 | 1.375 | 125 | 1.625 | 175 | 1.875 |
26 | 1.130 | 76 | 1.380 | 126 | 1.630 | 176 | 1.880 |
27 | 1.135 | 77 | 1.385 | 127 | 1.635 | 177 | 1.885 |
28 | 1.140 | 78 | 1.390 | 128 | 1.640 | 178 | 1.890 |
29 | 1.145 | 79 | 1.395 | 129 | 1.645 | 179 | 1.895 |
30 | 1.150 | 80 | 1.400 | 130 | 1.650 | 180 | 1.900 |
31 | 1.155 | 81 | 1.405 | 131 | 1.655 | 181 | 1.905 |
32 | 1.160 | 82 | 1.410 | 132 | 1.660 | 182 | 1.910 |
33 | 1.165 | 83 | 1.415 | 133 | 1.665 | 183 | 1.915 |
34 | 1.170 | 84 | 1.420 | 134 | 1.670 | 184 | 1.920 |
35 | 1.175 | 85 | 1.425 | 135 | 1.675 | 185 | 1.925 |
36 | 1.180 | 86 | 1.430 | 136 | 1.680 | 186 | 1.930 |
37 | 1.185 | 87 | 1.435 | 137 | 1.685 | 187 | 1.935 |
38 | 1.190 | 88 | 1.440 | 138 | 1.690 | 188 | 1.940 |
39 | 1.195 | 89 | 1.445 | 139 | 1.695 | 189 | 1.945 |
40 | 1.200 | 90 | 1.450 | 140 | 1.700 | 190 | 1.950 |
41 | 1.205 | 91 | 1.455 | 141 | 1.705 | 191 | 1.955 |
42 | 1.210 | 92 | 1.460 | 142 | 1.710 | 192 | 1.960 |
43 | 1.215 | 93 | 1.465 | 143 | 1.715 | 193 | 1.965 |
44 | 1.220 | 94 | 1.470 | 144 | 1.720 | 194 | 1.970 |
45 | 1.225 | 95 | 1.475 | 145 | 1.725 | 195 | 1.975 |
46 | 1.230 | 96 | 1.480 | 146 | 1.730 | 196 | 1.980 |
47 | 1.235 | 97 | 1.485 | 147 | 1.735 | 197 | 1.985 |
48 | 1.240 | 98 | 1.490 | 148 | 1.740 | 198 | 1.990 |
49 | 1.245 | 99 | 1.495 | 149 | 1.745 | 199 | 1.995 |
200 | 2.000 |
 
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