472. Rustic Work may often be introduced with very good effect in park scenery. A rustic gate and railing (see fig. 255), may be used to form a boundary between the park and the pleasure-grounds; and a rustic bridge (fig. 257), somewhat decorated, may form the connecting link between the dressed ground and the wild scenery. A bridge of this kind, which is of very simple construction, though very ornamental, has the advantage of being very easily constructed, by any village carpenter, of materials which are found in abundance in every large park. A rustic table may be formed by cutting off the head of a tree, and fixing the trunk in the ground (unless the tree were low enough for it to be left growing), with a round piece of wood for the table, as shown in fig. 258; or by fixing a number of hazel rods together, as shown in figs. 259. and 260. Rustic seats may be made either of rough branches, nailed or tied together, as shown in fig, 261.; or with a thatched roof, as shown in fig. 262.; or of hazel rods, neatly fastened together, and formed into an elegantly shaped chair (seefig. 263.). Rustic stools may be made as shown in fig. 264.; and rustic flower-stands as shown in fig. 265.

473. Fountains are universally acknowledged to be great ornaments to gardens; chiefly perhaps from the appearance of life and motion which they communicate to the surrounding scenery. Many persons are deterred from indulging in jets-d'eau, or in some other description of fountain, from an idea that they cannot be obtained without great expense, and without an immense supply of water; but the height to which a jet will rise does not depend on the quantity of water in the reservoir, but on its height above the surface from which the jet rises; and, when it is considered that no fountain need be allowed to act in the night-time, or even in the day at certain seasons of the year, the quantity of water that will require to be raised to the reservoir is much less than at first sight will appear necessary. The greater number of fountains in suburban gardens are indeed only played off when visitors are present; and this can be effected with a very moderate-sized reservoir, and with no more use of the forcing-pump than may be necessary to fill up the leisure time of a house servant, or a gardener's labourer.

Though no person will undertake to erect a fountain without employing an engineer, or a plumber who possesses skill and experience in this branch of hydraulics; yet it may be useful to state a few particulars, with a view of enabling the proprietor of a suburban residence to judge how far a fountain may be practicable in his case; and to form some notion as to whether the person whom he intends employing to erect it, has a competent knowledge of the subject Wherever a fountain is forced, the jet may be made to rise nearly as high as the reservoir. If the reservoir be 5 ft 1 in. above the level of the surface from which the jet~dyeau is to ascend, the jet will rise 5 ft. If the reservoir should be 10 ft. 4 in. high, then the jet will rise 10 ft; and if it be 51 ft. 9 in. high, it will rise 45 ft. In order to procure a jet of 100 ft in height, it is necessary that the reservoir be 133 ft. 4 in. high. Now the jets will rise at this rate relatively to the reservoir, whether the latter contains only one cubic yard of water, or 10,000 cubic yards; all the difference being, that in the former case the jet would not last longer than a minute or two, because the cubic yard of water would be immediately exhausted, while in the latter it would last several days.

The next point which a person about to erect a fountain would desire to know is, the diameter of the pipe which is to convey the water from the reservoir to the jet. Now this diameter may be as large or as small as the party chooses: it may be a foot in diameter, or it may be only an inch; but, whatever its diameter may be, this condition is essentially necessary, viz., that the orifice from which the jet issues shall be small as compared with the diameter of the supply pipe, in proportion as the jet is to rise high. If the jet is to rise to a maximum of height that is, as nearly as the nature of things will admit, to the height of the reservoir, then the orifice must not exceed a fourth part in diameter of the orifice of the conducting pipe. If, instead of a fourth part, the orifice were made of the entire width of the conducting pipe, the water would hardly rise above the surface; and this, which is very remarkable, would be the case, whether the reservoir were 10 ft or 100 ft. high. Thus, when the reservoir is 10 ft 4 in. high, the height to which it is wished to have the jet to rise is 10 ft, and the diameter of the pipe which conveys the water to it from the reservoir is 2 1/4 in., then the diameter of the orifice must not be larger than 1/2 in.

The following Tables contain useful data on this subject. The first is taken from Switzer's Introduction to a General System of Hydrostatics, etc, vol. ii, p. 126.; and the second from the excellent article on Hydraulics in the Encyclopedia Britannica, seventh edition, already referred to.

474. The pipes that convey the water from the reservoir to the jet should be laid, as nearly as possible, in a straight direction; and that part which is under ground should be sufficiently deep to be out of the reach of frost, and of one uniform slope from the reservoir to the jet In proportion as the direction of the supply pipe is circuitous, and the level irregular, will the friction of the water be increased when in motion, and consequently the power of the jot diminished. There are two other evils which result from not laying the pipes on a uniform slope: via., that air will collect in all the higher parts of the pipe, and mud in all the lower parts; so that, for each deviation, upwards from the uniform slope, it is essentially necessary to have a email pipe with a cock Id permit the escape of the air from time to time; and in the lowest part of every deviation from the uniform slope downwards, a pipe is also necessary with a cock to admit of occasionally, say once a year, washing out the mud. Few persons are aware how very soon air collects in water pipes; or how much sediment is deposited by even the purest water; which sediment is generally difficult to remove, in proportion to its fineness.

We have known fountains that in a very few months after they were put up have ceased to act, owing solely to the accumulation of air in their pipes; and in other places, where old fountains, after having played for many years, have ceased to act, the cause is to be found in the accumulation of air and sediment. Much more might be said on this subject, as a matter of science, but we trust enough has been advanced to show the necessity of employing a competent person, whenever it is desired to erect a fountain.