This section is from "The Horticulturist, And Journal Of Rural Art And Rural Taste", by P. Barry, A. J. Downing, J. Jay Smith, Peter B. Mead, F. W. Woodward, Henry T. Williams. Also available from Amazon: Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste.
The collection of ' annual flowers now embraces some of the most beautiful in form and color, and many people, in their novelty and the cheapness with which the seeds are now obtained, prefer to grow them rather than risk the loss and chances of plants transported by express companies, often received in bad order, and again with some of the very choicest stolen out of the case. No redemption for losses is ever made, except by suit - the plea always being, " It was not lost on our end of the line," and the receiver prefers to pocket his loss rather than hunt the matter up and sue a company at a hundred or more miles distant from home. Therefore it is that annuals will continue to be grown, and especially by all who are not located near a commercial green-house. With those, however, who can command bedding plants within a reasonable distance, there is no fear of annuals ever taking their place. But, as we have said, annuals now embrace beauty in form and color, and, besides, they bloom freely, when many of our bedding-out plants have exhausted themselves of their early first blooms, and are comparatively quiet thereto; therefore annuals are, besides their cheapness of procuring, desirable to have, even among large collections, and within reach of commercial gardens.
The great error, however, with most who grow them, is that, as a rule, they are so distributed in the grounds as to produce little or no effect. Scattered here and there, scarcely within speaking distance, are little clusters of annual blooms, leaving the balance of the bed or border, or supplied with some variety that, recommended by the seedsman, has novelty, but no bloom or beauty in its composition. Massing of annuals is essential to an appreciation of their beauty, and especially should the growers confine themselves to those well known as free growers and bloomers. Plant no new variety as a mass plant, or for conspicuous-ness of bloom, on trust of the handbill or circular advertising it. Place every such novelty one year in the reserve or back border. Use such annuals as you know to be good bloomers in August and September, freely among such of the bedding-out plants as at that time fail comparatively in giving abundantly of blossoms. Take no estimates for your guide of the heights of plants, as published, unless you know in what soil and under what kind of treatment they were grown.
For filling large beds or borders, in positions of second-rate importance, we would use freely of annuals, but always intermingled with bedding-out plants of a like habit in growth or flower to make up the flower bouquet of arrangement as a whole when in bloom, and especially would we study foliage, that our bed or border should in its green lines always present shades and heights to please the eye of taste.
Garden Soil will always pay for trenching deep, even if done with the spade; but remember to keep all the time the good or surface soil at the top, and not bury it at the bottom, as we have seen done by some gardeners. If the expense of trenching the whole garden this year be too much for the purse, then select one portion for this season's improvement, and another for next year. Clay soils are especially benefited by trenching, and while such soils are not specially adapted to early crops, the trenching will be found a great aid in the aeration it gives toward earliness, and for a dry, hot summer a clay soil trenched is superior to any of lighter texture.
 
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